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You are viewing premium content from Croner-i. Call 0800 231 5199 to learn more. Arguably, one of the most serious risks to people’s health and safety at work is the presence of hazardous substances, whether they be chemicals supplied for use at work; dusts, fumes, gases and vapours created by the work activities themselves; or even substances present in the fabric of the building, such as asbestos. Indeed, there are a vast range of substances used or created at work which have the potential to be harmful to human health if safe working procedures are not followed. Naturally, the sheer range of hazardous substances means that an equally wide group of workers are potentially at risk of exposure to them. Typical examples include cleaners and catering staff who may come into contact with solvents found in cleaning materials; process workers who handle chemicals as part of production or maintenance tasks in a factory or workshop; construction workers at risk of contact with asbestos-containing materials or handling wet cement or glues; and even office, school or hospital staff who could be placed at risk of exposure to asbestos contained in their building. The wide range of hazardous substances and potential exposure routes therefore means that exposure to hazardous substances can cause serious ill health effects, conditions and diseases, many of which can prove fatal. These include: being overcome by toxic fumes, which can cause serious damage to health or death occupational cancers, which can appear many years after initial exposure to carcinogenic substances chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused or made worse by exposure to substances such as stone dust in construction and welding fumes asthma resulting from contact with substances such as wood dusts, isocyanates found in paints, solder flux and flour skin irritation and disease from contact with substances such as solvents, cements and printing inks.
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Scale of the problem The scale of the health problems posed by hazardous substances is graphically illustrated by official Health and Safety Executive (HSE) statistics. For example, every year as many as 8,000 people are thought to die from cancer caused by past exposure to substances such as chemicals, with asbestos-related cancer accounting for around 4,000 of these deaths. Given the health risks and statistics outlined above, it is little surprise that employers have a strict duty under health and safety law to take steps to protect their employees and others such as contractors from the risks posed by exposure to hazardous substances. In the first instance, this means taking all reasonably practicable measures to prevent employees being exposed to potentially hazardous substances, but, if this proves impractical, employers must then take adequate measures to reduce or control the risks. What the law says To combat the ill health effects of harmful substances, a significant amount of legislation has been introduced. The main regulations covering work with harmful substances are the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH). Meanwhile, the ill health effects caused by exposure to lead, ionising radiation, plus the fire and explosion risks posed by dangerous substances and atmospheres, are all covered by their own specific sets of regulations. Meanwhile, the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 set controls on all work involving a risk of exposure to asbestos. What COSHH covers The COSHH Regulations are aimed at protecting the health, safety and welfare of everyone who works with substances that can cause injury or ill health effects.
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Under COSHH, employers have a number of specific duties, including: assessing the health risks from hazardous substances preventing or controlling employees’ exposure to hazardous substances through the use of appropriate control measures ensuring that control measures are properly used and maintained ensuring that employees are provided with appropriate training and information on the risks from substances, and are properly supervised. In certain cases, employers must also provide health surveillance for workers and monitor the level of hazardous substances that employees are exposed to at work. In addition, employers may have to draw up plans and procedures to deal with accidents, incidents and emergencies involving hazardous substances, while employees themselves have a legal duty under COSHH to cooperate fully with their employer to enable the organisation to meet its legal obligations. Assessing the risks The COSHH Regulations require employers to assess the risks to their employees from hazardous substances such as chemicals, dusts and gases and to take steps to prevent or adequately control exposure. There are five simple steps that need to be followed when conducting a COSHH risk assessment. These are to: Gather information about the substances, the work activities and the specific working practices. Evaluate the risks to health. Employers should look at how many people could be exposed to a hazardous substance, to what extent and by what route. As well as the risk of inhalation, there is a possibility of substances being absorbed through or landing on the skin or being swallowed. Decide what action needs to be taken to prevent or control the risks. For example, employers could replace a substance with a less hazardous one, or introduce appropriate ventilation to prevent the build-up of hazardous fumes. Record the significant findings of the assessment if the organisation employs five or more people.
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The record should list the actions being taken to control the risks. Review and update the assessment at regular intervals or whenever a significant change takes place. For example, employers should take a fresh look at the assessment if a new chemical is introduced into the workplace, if there are changes to working procedures or when the results of monitoring show it to be necessary. How detailed the assessment needs to be will depend on the degree of risk; whether the existing control measures are adequate; and any knowledge gained from previous assessments. In addition, since employees will have a good knowledge of the hazards that exist in the workplace, it is important for employers to consult them when carrying out the assessment. Safety data sheets One way of helping to identify the risks posed by a chemical is to check the label attached to it or its safety data sheet. This describes the hazards the chemical presents and information on safe handling, storage and emergency procedures in the event of an accident. Safety data sheets can, however, be hard to understand, and often contain little information on the control measures to take for the substance. To find out about health risks and emergency situations, employers should concentrate on part 15 of the sheet, which provides information on the dangers, and parts 4 to 8, which contain advice on safe storage and handling, and what to do in an emergency. Safety data sheets can help employers to carry out risk assessments for hazardous substances, but they are not a full assessment in themselves. Employers should therefore only use the information provided as part of their wider assessment of the risks posed by the substance or task. Control measures If the risk assessment shows that a hazardous substance is being used or created at work, an employer must first attempt to prevent exposure to the substance or process, if it is reasonably practicable to do so.
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In particular, they should: change the process or activity so that the harmful substance is no longer required or produced replace the substance with something safer, or use the substance in a safer form. For example, it may be possible to prevent exposure by using water-based rather than solvent-based products, or by applying chemical products by brush rather than spraying. Other ways of preventing exposure at source include: swapping an irritant cleaning product for something milder using a solid rather than a liquid to avoid splashes avoiding the creation of dust by buying materials such as powders in pellet, paste or tablet form or in sealed, pre-packed bags, rather than weighing them out by hand using a vacuum cleaner rather than a brush to clear up dusts from activities such as woodwork. However, if it is not reasonably practicable to prevent exposure completely, then employers must adequately control exposure to the substance. To achieve this, COSHH requires employers to follow a hierarchy of control measures, in order of priority. These are to: change the process to emit less of the substance enclose the process so that the product does not escape extract emissions of the substance near the source keep the number of workers at risk to a minimum provide suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, coveralls and respirators. Control measures should consist of a combination of equipment and ways of working to reduce exposure. Control equipment comes in many forms, including enclosures around work processes to prevent fumes, vapours and gases escaping; local exhaust ventilation to extract dust, mist and fumes; glove boxes and fume cupboards; and spray booths and refuges. However, the control measures must be backed up with safe working methods that help reduce the risk of exposure.
In particular, a competent person should check that: the process isn’t emitting uncontrolled contaminants the control equipment continues to work as it was designed workers are following the correct working methods. One of the most common control measures where maintenance is critical is local exhaust ventilation (LEV), which removes contaminants from the air. If LEV is used to control exposure, it must be checked regularly and it must undergo thorough examination and testing at least once a year. To help employers, HSE has developed COSHH Essentials, a free internet tool that provides generic guidance on control measures for a wide range of supplied chemicals, industrial operations and work tasks involving exposure to hazardous substances. It also produces advice for products that have safety data sheets. It can be found at: www.coshh-essentials.org.uk Personal protective equipment If all the above measures are not sufficient to control the risk of exposure, then the last course of action employers can take is to issue personal protective equipment (PPE). If this is the case, employers must ensure that the PPE supplied protects the wearer from exposure to hazardous substances; fits the wearer correctly; and is appropriate for the task in hand. Workers must also be given training in its correct use and maintenance, and the equipment must be regularly checked and maintained. PPE can be used to protect employees from chemical splashes, gases, dusts and vapours. Monitoring and surveillance As well as the above requirements, there are two other measures that an employer may be required to implement if appropriate when staff work with hazardous substances. Firstly, employees who are exposed to hazardous substances in the workplace may need to have their exposure monitored.
In particular, the concentration of hazardous substances in the air may need to be measured if the employer needs to show that exposure is below the Workplace Exposure Limit (WEL) and the control measures in place are working effectively. Secondly, employers may need to provide health surveillance for employees who work with hazardous substances. Health surveillance is designed to protect workers’ health by detecting adverse health changes connected to exposure to harmful substances and helping employers to evaluate the effectiveness of their control measures. Health surveillance must be carried out by a competent and trained person. Once all suitable health surveillance tests, questionnaires or examinations have been completed, employers must have the results interpreted and, where appropriate, take action to eliminate or further control exposure. If a worker’s health has been adversely affected by exposure to hazardous substances it may also be necessary to redeploy them to safer work. Information and instruction Another important step in preventing or controlling exposure to hazardous substances is ensuring that employees are given appropriate information, instruction and training. Essentially, this means that employees should be made aware of the nature of the hazardous substances they work with, any health risks that might arise from using them, how to use the control measures provided and the importance of reporting any faults they discover in the control measures. Employers must update and adapt the information, instruction and training to take account of significant changes at work. The information and instruction should also be provided in a manner and form in which it will be understood by employees. Meanwhile, for their part, employees have a duty under COSHH to cooperate fully with their employer in terms of preventing or controlling exposure to hazardous substances at work.
This means that staff should make full use of all the control measures their employer implements and report any defects in control measures, devices or facilities to management. Emergency procedures Employers must also prepare plans and procedures for dealing with emergencies involving hazardous substances. For example, an employer would need to draw up emergency procedures if there is a risk of serious fire or spillage involving a chemical that could affect peoples’ health and safety. The drills should also be tested at regular intervals. Information on the emergency arrangements must also be made available to the emergency services if necessary. Flammable substances One set of hazards that are often present at work are flammable substances. Waste dusts can also present a risk of explosion in certain situations and other activities posing a fire risk include the use of flammable gases, such as acetylene, for welding. Sources of ignition include sparks from electrical equipment. Where this is not reasonably practicable, the substance should be replaced with one that is less flammable. Dangerous Substances Regulations The steps that employers must take to control any fire, explosion or similar risk from dangerous substances used or present in the workplace are set out in the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002. Under DSEAR, employers are required to carry out an assessment of the risks to their workers from any flammable or explosive substance that is, or is likely to be, present at work. Employers can eliminate risks either by substitution of a non-hazardous substance, or by substituting a new or modified working process. In addition, where explosive atmospheres may occur, the workplace should be classified into hazardous zones and, where necessary, marked with a warning sign. There are hundreds of substances which, when inhaled, can trigger an allergic reaction causing asthma.
Under COSHH, employers are required to put in place measures to prevent, or, if this is not reasonably practicable, adequately control exposure to asthmagens in the workplace. By far the most common is dermatitis. Skin disease can occur in almost any type of workplace but it tends to happen more frequently in jobs such as construction, engineering, catering, cleaning and hairdressing. Dermatitis develops as a general redness of the skin and small blisters, usually on the hands. This is irritating and uncomfortable, and rubbing and scratching results in weeping from broken blisters and possible secondary infection. Left unchecked, the disease can spread all over the body, although most people will make a full recovery if it is spotted at an early stage. Employers are therefore required under COSHH to control exposure to materials that cause skin diseases and to materials that can enter the body through the skin and cause problems elsewhere. This means: Avoiding direct contact between unprotected hands and substances, products and wet work where this is sensible and practical. This can be achieved by, for example: getting rid of the substance, product or wet work altogether substituting the substance for something less harmful introducing controls (such as tools or equipment) to keep a safe working distance between skin and substances, products and wet work. Protecting the skin. Risky activities include stripping old lead paint from doors and windows; hot cutting in demolition and dismantling operations; scrap-processing activities (including recovering lead from scrap and waste); lead acid battery manufacture and recycling; working with metallic lead and alloys containing lead (for example, soldering); and lead smelting and refining. If lead levels get too high, they can cause headaches, tiredness and nausea, and in the long term, lead to kidney, nerve and brain damage and infertility.
To prevent exposure to lead, the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 (CLAW) require employers to take a number of precautions. These include: assessing the nature and degree of exposure to lead at work providing adequate information to employees about the risks posed by lead and what precautions to take providing control measures, such as extraction ventilation, to reduce exposure to lead issuing PPE or respiratory protective equipment wherever necessary providing adequate washing facilities and appropriate rest areas for employees who work with lead. It is also essential that employees at risk of lead exposure are given regular health checks to see how much lead they have absorbed. Indeed, HSE warns that asbestos is likely to be present in any building constructed or refurbished before the year 2000. This means that as many as 500,000 workplace premises in the UK could contain the deadly material. Asbestos can be found in numerous locations and materials in buildings, including ceiling tiles, sprayed and textured coatings, boards around windows, radiators, building columns and pillars, pipe insulation, gaskets and sealants on pipe joints and inside fire doors. Asbestos materials are safe if they are kept in good condition. However, if asbestos is in loose form, or if it becomes damaged or disturbed, the fibres will be released into the air and workers and others nearby can end up inhaling them. Exposure to asbestos can cause fatal diseases, including mesothelioma, a cancer of the inner lining of the chest wall or abdominal cavity. Among those most at risk are tradespeople such as carpenters, plumbers, electricians and gas fitters, who can be exposed if they or their colleagues drill or cut into asbestos-containing materials without taking adequate precautions.
Managing asbestos Because of the dangers, the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 place strict duties on employers to prevent exposure to the fibre or, where this is not reasonably practicable, to make sure it is kept as low as is reasonably practicable. The idea is that, by identifying and managing ACMs, those in control of a building can help ensure that tradespeople and their own staff are not exposed to asbestos by accidentally disturbing it. They should presume materials contain asbestos unless there is strong evidence that they do not. Duty holders also need to: keep up-to-date records of the location and condition of all materials that are thought to contain asbestos assess the risk of anyone being exposed to asbestos fibres from the materials identified prepare and implement an action plan setting out in detail how the risks from ACMs will be managed and the steps that will be taken to prevent the material being accidentally damaged or worked on without suitable precautions being in place periodically review and monitor the plan to ensure that it remains relevant and up-to-date provide information on the location and condition of the ACMs to anyone who is liable to work on or disturb them. The regulation applies to all non-domestic premises, including all industrial, commercial or public buildings such as factories, warehouses, offices, shops, hospitals and schools. It also covers the common areas of certain domestic premises, such as purpose-built flats or houses converted into flats. The common areas of these domestic premises include foyers, stairwells, lift shafts and roof spaces. The employer in charge of the building should also tell their own staff about the dangers and the precautions to take, and in-house maintenance workers should be trained to ask about asbestos before starting every job. Contractors must therefore ask for information on the location, condition and type of asbestos when tendering or quoting for work at third party sites.
They should not begin work before seeing this information and taking appropriate precautions. In addition, under CAW, anyone liable to be exposed to asbestos fibres at work must be given adequate information, instruction and training. In particular, unless it is certain that employees will never work on a building that is liable to contain asbestos (anywhere built after 2000), they must be provided with asbestos awareness training. Under CAW most work on asbestos-containing materials must be carried out by contractors licensed by HSE. If the work can be carried out by non-licensed staff, the workers will also require job-specific training for the tasks in hand. Therefore, workers must be trained to never start work if the task involves these materials. HSE has been running a major publicity campaign in recent years aimed at encouraging tradesman to protect themselves from asbestos. Every year, thousands of UK workers suffer as a result of exposure to harmful substances, whether as a result of chemical burns and other injuries, potentially debilitating conditions such as asthma and dermatitis, or fatal diseases like mesothelioma and lung cancer. Fortunately, however, simple but effective measures can be taken to eliminate or control exposure to hazardous substances at work. For example, employers can carry out suitable risk assessments on work with harmful substances, implement adequate control measures such as enclosing work processes and installing ventilation systems, and provide their workers with appropriate instruction, training and supervision. If steps such as these are followed by everyone at work the number of people who are injured or made ill by exposure to hazardous substances will be greatly reduced. Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006. Further Help Asbestos Removal Contractors Association (ARCA) Trade association for asbestos removal contractors. Members are licensed by HSE and must follow ARCA’s code of conduct.
Website contains a national directory of consultants who can help employers. www.bohs.org British Safety Council Offers a one-day training course and qualification designed to help managers and supervisors conduct COSHH risk assessments at work. www.britsafe.org Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Responsible for enforcing safety law at most industrial workplaces in the UK, HSE also provides detailed online and published guidance on all aspects of safety management. Local authorities are responsible for enforcing safety law in certain low risk workplaces, such as shops and offices, though HSE is the main source of guidance for all businesses. www.hse.gov.uk HSE Books Publishes free and priced health and safety guidance leaflets, booklets and DVDs. Most publications are free to download. www.hsebooks.com, T.01787 881165 Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland Enforces health and safety law in Northern Ireland. Also offers online and printed guidance for employers. www.hseni.gov.uk, T. 0800 0320 121 Health for Work Adviceline (England) Occupational health adviceline for small businesses with less than 250 staff in England. Provides free advice on tackling all aspects of work-related ill health and sickness absence, including problems caused by work-related stress. www.health4work.nhs.uk, T. 0800 077 8844 Scottish Healthy Working Lives Adviceline Health and safety advice service for Scottish employers of all sizes. Free and confidential, the service provides telephone and online guidance and help on a variety of occupational health and safety topics. Workplace advice visits are also available for small businesses. www.healthyworkinglives.com, T. 0800 019 2211 Health at Work Adviceline Wales Free helpline that provides advice to Welsh SMEs with less than 250 employees on workplace health and safety, management of sickness absence and return to work issues. www.healthyworkingwales.com, T.
0800 107 0900 or 0845 609 6006 Business Link Free online business advice service that covers health and safety issues. www.businesslink.gov.uk Trades Union Congress (TUC) Provides safety information and advice to trade union safety reps. Also produces guidance for employers and employees. www.tuc.org.uk. It also helps you to meet your obligations under the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) and the Health and Safety at Work (Hazardous Substances) Regulations (the Regulations). It is a reference document about what you need to do and how to do it. While it helps you improve your compliance, it does not contain information about every control, or detailed information about transporting or disposing of substances, or about explosives. Use this guide alongside our other guidance and the Hazardous Substances Calculator available at: www.hazardoussubstances.govt.nz (external link). Please upgrade your browser or activate Google Chrome Frame to improve your experience. It provides you with information about using and storing your hazardous substances safely. The guide can be downloaded as PDF sections below or in full by clicking here. The risks they pose are often underestimated. For example, common hazardous substances like commercial cleaning products, paints, adhesives, acids, bases and solvents can cause serious harm if not used safely. Depending on its classification, rules are placed on a substance to manage the risks posed by that substance. These rules are known as controls. Between 600 and 900 New Zealanders are estimated to die from work-related illness every year, many from exposure to hazardous substances. Exposure to different hazardous substances affects people in different ways. Health effects can include personality changes, sleep disorders, memory loss, cancer, fertility problems and even death.
These serious health risks are why it's so important to safely manage the hazardous substances at your workplace and protect your health and the health of your workers and others. So you, your workers, and emergency service workers need to know what to do, and who is responsible for what in an emergency. You might need a compliance certificate for people, locations or equipment. Access to this website will be unavailable during this time. This document provides guidance on safe handling and storage practices, and how to work safely with toxic materials. For more information about the hazards of toxic materials and how they are identified, refer to the OSH Answers document called Toxic Materials and their Hazards. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to find a non-toxic substitute that still does the job effectively and safely. When considering substitution, the first step is to obtain the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for all possible substitute materials. Find out about all of the hazards (health, fire, chemical reactivity) of these materials before making any changes. Caution must be exercised so as to avoid introducing a potentially more hazardous situation. Choose the least hazardous materials that can do the job effectively and safely. Learn how to work safely with them, too. For more information about this topic, please see the OSH Answers Substitution of Chemicals: Considerations for Selection. Ventilation is a very common control measure for toxic materials. Well-designed and well-maintained ventilation systems remove toxic vapours, fumes, mists or airborne dusts from the workplace before workers are exposed. Removing the contaminated air reduces the hazard of toxic materials.Every day?). The job requirements (e.g. how the material is handled). Size and layout of the work area.