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It applies to software version 1.6. If you are using a newer software version, try to download a newer version of the manual from the Nanosurf support pages, or refer to the Whats new file that is installed in the Manuals subdirectory of the directory where the easyScan 2 software is installed. The first part of the manual starts with the chapter Installing the easyScan 2 STM, which should be read when installing your easyScan 2 STM system. The chapters Preparing for Measurement and First Measurements should be read by all users, because they contain useful instructions for everyday measurements. The chapter STM Theory gives some general information on the scanning tunneling microscopy technique and its implementation in the easyScan 2 STM. The other chapters in this part give more information for advanced or interested users. The second part of the manual starts with chapter The user interface (p.76). This part is a description of the function of the buttons and inputs in the dialogs and control panels of the easyScan Control software. Chapter Quick Reference (p.154) gives links to the description of each Control Panel, Dialog, Menu item and Operating Window. For more information on the optional Scripting interface, refer to the online help file easyScan 2 Programmers Manual, that is installed together with the easyScan 2 software. For more information on the optional Nanosurf Report software, refer to the on-line help, included with the Nanosurf Report software. 8 The easyScan 2 STM The Nanosurf easyScan 2 STM was designed to allow people without training as a physicist to do experiments in the world of atoms. Its design is compact, simple and comfortable to operate. With the easyScan 2 STM, it is possible to do any STM experiment which can be carried out in air. The tip-sample approach stage allows simple handling of samples and tips, whilst at the same time providing maximum stability of the tip-sample distance.
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All functions can be carried out using a computer and the easyScan 2 software. The easyScan 2 STM system is a modular scanning probe system that can be upgraded to obtain more measurement capabilities. The main parts of the basic system are the easyScan 2 STM scan head, the Vibration Isolation Platform, the easyScan 2 Controller, and the easyScan 2 software. User outputs can be modulated in Spectroscopy measurements. The contents of delivery can vary from system to system, depending on which parts were ordered. To find out which parts are included in your system, refer to the delivery note shipped with your system. Some of modules listed in the delivery note are built into the Control12 COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM ler. Their presence is indicated by the status lights on the top surface of the Controller when it is turned on (see section Connectors, Indicators and Controls (p.15)). 1 4 12 2 5 11 10 13 3 14 Components: The easyScan 2 STM system 1. easyScan 2 Controller with built in optional Signal Module: A or S electronics, and other modules used for AFM operation 2. USB cable 3. Mains cable 4. easyScan 2 STM Scan head(s) 5. Magnifying cover with 10x magnifier 6. STM Calibration sheet 7. This easyScan 2 STM Operating Instructions manual 8. easyScan 2 Software Reference manual 9. easyScan 2 Installation CD: Contains software, calibration files, and PDF files of all manuals 10. STM Tool set (option). The contents of the STM Tool set are described in the next section. 13 THE EASYSCAN 2 STM 11. Vibration isolation platform (option) 12. Break-out cable (with Signal Module: S) 13. Connector box (with Signal Module: A) 14. Signal Module cables (2x) (with Signal Module: A) 15. Scripting Interface Certificate of purchase with Activation key printed on it (with Scripting Interface) 16. Instrument Case The package may also contain easyScan 2 AFM head(s) and modules for AFM operation; these are described in the AFM Operating Instructions. Additionally, a solvent (e.g.
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ethanol, acetone) is needed to clean the tools. This is not included with the contents of delivery. Contents of the Tool set The contents of the Tool set depend on the available modules. The Scan head Two types of seasyScan 2 STM Scan Heads exist, that have different approach stages. In type one stages, the sample holder slides on guide bars, in type two stage, the sample holder slides on a point support. The location of the parts in both scan heads is shown in figure Parts of the scan head. Tip holder with clamp Sample holder guide bars Sample holder point supports Approach motor with sample holder fixing magnet Parts of the scan head: left: Type one scan head; right: Type two scan head. It can indicate the following statuses: red The scanner is in its upper limit position. This occurs when the tip-sample interaction is stronger than the set point for some time. This occurs when the tip-sample interaction is weaker than the set point for some time. The tip is probably not in contact with the sample surface.CONNECTORS, INDICATORS AND CONTROLS blinking green The feedback loop has been turned off in the software. The Scan Head lights Indicate the scan head type that is connected to the instrument. The Scan head lights blink when no scan head can be detected, or when the Controller has not been initialised yet. The Module lights Indicate the modules that are built in into the Controller. The module lights blink when the Controller has not been initialised yet. During initialisation, the Module lights are turned on one after the other. 17 INSTALLING THE EASYSCAN 2 STM Installing the easyScan 2 STM The following sections describe the installation of the easyScan 2 STM. If the vibration isolation of your table is insufficient for your measurement purposes, an optional active vibration isolation table is available. Installing the Basic STM Package - Put the STM scan head (Components (p.13), 4) onto the vibration isolation platform (Components, 11).
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- Fix the scan head cable under the strain relief clip on the platform. - Connect the STM scan head to the Controller (Components, 1). - Connect the USB cable (Components, 2) to a free USB port on your computer, but do not connect it to the easyScan 2 Controller yet. If you have 18 INSTALLING THE HARDWARE easyScan 2 STM system inadvertently done this anyway, continue with section Installing the Software (p.20). Installing the Signal Module: S - Connect the Signal Module: S (Components, 12) to the Signal Out connector on the Controller (The easyScan 2 Controller (p.16)). In case of an upgrade, the Controller must be sent in to your local Nanosurf distributor for mounting the Signal Module: S electronics in the Controller. Turning on the Controller - Connect the easyScan 2 Controller (Components, 1) to the mains using 19 INSTALLING THE EASYSCAN 2 STM the mains cable (Components, 3) and turn it on. First all status light on top of the Controller shortly light up. Then the Scan Head lights, and the lights of the detected modules will start blinking, and all other status lights turn off. The status lights remain blinking until the Controller is initialised by starting the easyScan 2 software. Storing the Instrument If you have to send in the instrument, transport it or if you are not using it for some time, please pack it in the shipping package or the instrument case, so that the instrument is protected from dust. - Turn off the instrument as described in section Turning off the instrument (p.49), and remove all cables. - Remove the sample and sample holder. The tip can be left in the scanner. - Store the sample holder in its container. - Pack all components as shown in figure Packing. IMPORTANT Always put the instrument in the original Nanosurf shipping box or Instrument Case. Installing the Software - Check that the computer on which you want to install the software fulfils the requirements listed in section Computer requirements (p.11).
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- Disconnect the USB cable from the easyScan 2 controller. - If you are running Windows Vista, disconnect the computer from the internet. This way, Windows Vista can not automatically look for the most (un)suitable driver on the Internet. 20 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE Packing: The easyScan 2 STM system packed in the Instrument Case - Turn on the computer and start Windows. The setup program should start automatically. Step 1 - Installation of hardware drivers The Nanosurf hardware needs instrument drivers for the USB hub, the USB interface and the Video Frame grabber in the video module for the easyScan 2 AFM. These drivers are installed first. Connecting the controller to the computer - Turn on the controller If you do not turn on the controller, the driver for the Video module 2 will not be installed. - Connect the USB cable to the easyScan 2 controller. The red USB power light on the controller now lights up on controllers with normal speed USB (1.1). The red USB power light on the controller starts to blink on controllers with high speed USB (2.0). If you have connected a high speed USB controller to a normal speed USB connector, the computer will display a message that you have connected a normal speed device to a high speed connection. - Install the system a computer with high speed USB support if this message is displayed and you are using the video module version 2. The image resolution of the video image will be greatly reduced if you do not use video module version 2 with a high speed USB connection. Installing the drivers (Windows Vista) When the controller is connected to the computer, windows automatically detects that new devices have been connected to it. On some computers, 22 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE the detection process takes some time (20 seconds or more), please be patient.
If you have already installed the control software for a Nanosurf Scanning Probe Microscope on this computer, it is possible that nothing will happen, because the drivers are installed already. If this is the case, click OK in the Step 1 Dialog. If something went wrong during driver installation, continue the setup normally. Click the default choice in all other dialogs.The USB Serial Port is now installed. Unknown device (Video Module) The USB Video Adapter driver is only installed if the Controller contains a Video Module. The installation procedure depends on the version of the video module. IMPORTANT Repeat Step 1 for all USB ports of the PC, in order to ensure that the USB Video Adapter works when connecting the Controller to a different PC USB port. The installation of the driver will now be finished. This is not a problem, it will be remedied by the next step of the installation, step 1A. When the installation of the Video Module version 2 is completed, the computer must reboot. Installing the drivers (Windows XP, 2000) When the controller is connected to the computer, windows automatically detects that new devices have been connected to it. On some computers, the detection process takes some time (20 seconds or more), please be patient. If you have already installed the control software for a Nanosurf Scanning Probe Microscope on this computer, it is possible that nothing will happen, 25 INSTALLING THE EASYSCAN 2 STM because the drivers are installed already. The installation order of the other drivers may vary. USB Device (USB Video Adapter) The USB Video Adapter driver is only installed if the Controller contains a Video Module. Step 2 - Installation of the easyScan 2 software - Click the default choice in all dialogs. 28 INSTALLING THE SOFTWARE The setup program will ask for the directory in which the easyScan 2 software is to be installed. - Install the software in the proposed directory.
IMPORTANT The easyScan 2 Installation CD contains calibration information (.hed files) specific to your instrument, therefore you should keep (a backup copy of ) the CD delivered with the instrument. Step 3 - Installation of DirectX 9 The easyScan 2 software needs DirectX 9 or newer for correct operation. Click the default choice in all dialogs. - After installing DirectX 9, the computer may have to re-boot. Installing the software on different computers You can install the easyScan 2 software on a different computer than the one that controls the measurement, for example for running the microscope simulation, or for off-line data analysis. Initialising the Controller - Check that the easyScan 2 Controller is connected to the mains power and to the USB port of the control computer. - Turn on the power. Then the Scan Head lights and the lights of the detected modules will start blinking, and all other status lights turn off. - Start the easyScan 2 software on the control computer. The main program window appears, and all status lights are turned off. If no scan head is detected, both scan head status lights blink. Preparing and installing the STM tip The STM tip can be prepared and installed by yourself. This is the most difficult part of your preparations. It usually needs patience and some practise to get the first good tip. Only an accurately cut tip enables optimal measurements. Therefore, cutting and installing should be carried out with great care. On delivery, the tip with which the STM was calibrated in the factory is installed in the head. This tip should give atomic resolution, so 30 PREPARING AND INSTALLING THE STM TIP you may wish to try to use this tip before preparing your own. To prepare the tip: - Hold the end of the wire firmly with the pliers. - Holding the wire with the pliers, move the cutters at a length of approximately 4mm, as obliquely as possible (figure Cutting the STM tip).
The tip needs to be torn off rather than cleanly cut through, in order to get the required sharp tip. 31 PREPARING FOR MEASUREMENT STM tip: Scanning Electron Microscope images of an STM tip - Use the pointed tweezers to hold the tip wire with just behind the tip. - Release the flat pliers. The procedure for mounting the tip under the tip clamp depends on the type of clamp on your scan head: Single clamp Proceed as is illustrated in figure Mounting the tip under the single clamp: 1. a) 2. b) Mounting the tip under the single clamp 1. Put the tip wire on the tip holder parallel to the groove in the tip holder, so that it crosses below the tip clamp (figure a). 2. Move the tip wire sideways until it is in the groove in the tip holder 32 INSTALLING THE SAMPLE (Figure b). The freshly cut tip should be securely held under the clamp and extend about 2-3mm beyond the tip holder. The tip is now installed. Double clamp Always use the following procedure for mounting the tip under the double clamp (figure Mounting the tip under the double clamp). Installing the sample Preparing the sample IMPORTANT Never touch the sample's surface once it is prepared. 33 PREPARING FOR MEASUREMENT The STM can only examine electrically conductive materials. Nevertheless the choice of material is rather small because the surface of the sample must not oxidise, be totally clean and mirror-like to obtain useful results. Because of this some of the samples need special preparation. Gold thin film Cleaning the sample is neither possible nor necessary. Never touch the sample with your fingers or put it upside down anywhere, this will only make it unusable faster. Graphite The surface of the graphite sample can be cleaned when it is very dirty or uneven. The graphite sample is now ready for use and may not be touched. Other samples You can mount other samples on the spare disc shaped sample supports (figure Contents of the STM Tool set (p.14), 7).
The supports are made of a magnetic steel that is galvanically coated with nickel. Use conducting glue 34 INSTALLING THE SAMPLE to attach the sample to the sample support. Contact your Nanosurf distributor if you have difficulties obtaining such a glue, Installing the sample - Unpack the sample holder (figure Contents of the STM Tool set (p.14), 5) touching only its black plastic handle. IMPORTANT Always store the sample holder in its package, in order to prevent corrosion (chapter Maintenance (p.63)). - Put the prepared sample onto the magnetic end of the sample holder using a pair of tweezers (Figure Putting the sample on the holder): Putting the sample on the holder - Place the sample holder carefully in the scan head so that it doesn’t touch the tip, and the sample is not pulled from the sample holder by the magnet that holds the sample holder in place (figure Placing the sample holder in the scan head). - Put the sample holder down on to the sample holder guide bars first and release it gently on to the approach motor’s support. 35 PREPARING FOR MEASUREMENT Placing the sample holder in the scan head 36 RUNNING THE MICROSCOPE SIMULATION First Measurements In this chapter, step by step instructions are given as to how to operate the microscope and make a simple measurement. More detailed explanations of the software and the system are given in the Software Reference manual. Running the microscope simulation You can start the easyScan 2 software without having the microscope connected to your computer in order to explore the easyScan 2 system (measurements and software) without danger of damaging the instrument or the cantilever. In the simulation mode, most functions of the real microscope are emulated. The sample is replaced by a mathematical description of a surface. A check will now be displayed in front of the menu entry. Sometimes the program will change an entered parameter value to a slightly different value.
This happens when the desired value is outside the range that the easyScan 2 Controller can handle, for example due to the resolution limits or timing limits. The desired value is automatically changed to the nearest possible value. Approaching the sample to the tip To start measuring, the sample must be very close to the tip to enable a tunneling current to flow. Approaching the sample without touching the tip is a delicate operation carried out in three steps. Manual coarse approach, manual approach using the approach stage, and the automatic final approach. The colour of the Probe Status light on the Controller shows the status of the approach: orange Normal state during approach, the Z-scanner is fully extended toward the sample.In this case, the tip is probably dam39 FIRST MEASUREMENTS aged, so you will have to start over again with preparing a new tip.Manual Coarse approach - If the tip is pointing toward a rough area of the sample, try turning the sample holder around its axis so that the tip points towards a flat, mirrorlike area of the sample. - Put the magnifying cover (Components (p.13), 5) over the scan head without touching the sample holder. - Place the magnifier so, that you can see the mirror image of the tip in the sample. The cover reduces air flow around the scan head and reduces thermal drift in measurements at atomic scale. 40 APPROACHING THE SAMPLE TO THE TIP 2. Manual approach using the approach motor The approach motor is operated using the Approach Panel in the Positioning window. To open this window: - Click the Positioning icon in the Navigator. - Watch the distance between tip and sample with help of the magnifier. Now click in the Approach Panel to move the sample towards the tip to a distance of a fraction of a millimetre. You should only just be able to see the gap between the tip and its mirror image (figure Tip-sample position). The smallest visible gap depends on the observation angle of the magnifier and the lighting of the sample.
Tip-sample position: Position at the end of the Manual approach with the approach motor. If you can not see the motor has moving, clean the sample holder guide bars and the surfaces of the approach motor following the procedure described in chapter Maintenance (p.63). 3. Automatic final approach In the last step, the tip approaches the sample, until the set point is reached. Now that the feedback settings are correct, the automatic final approach can be started: - Click in the Approach Panel. The sample holder is now stepped towards the tip with the approach motor. After each step, the Z-scanner is fully retracted from the sample, and released to move towards the sample. The approach is finished if the current determined by Set point is detected before reaching the maximum extension of the Z-scanner, otherwise the approach motor will continue with the next step. Due to the motion of the Z-scanner, the Probe Status light will blink red-green-orange-red-green-etc. If the status light change to red instead of green, or if the approach has not finished after 10 - 20s, try to decrease the tip-sample distance a little more using manual operation of the approach motor. If the automatic final approach never works, refer to chapter Problems and Solutions (p.65) for the next steps to take. 42 STARTING A MEASUREMENT Starting a measurement Now that the tunneling current defined by Set point is flowing between tip and sample you can start measuring: - Click to open the Imaging window. The STM has already started imaging the sample. If the preparation of tip and sample and the approach were successful, images of the measurement will show a more or less straight line in the Line graph (figure Starting image, left) and a plane in the Color map. Watch the displays for a while until the Color map-image has been drawn about three times. Usually this is caused by the tip being too blunt or instable.
This means that you should stop measuring and cut a new tip: - Click and follow the instructions of the chapter Problems and Solutions (p.65). If the line in the Line graph is calm and reproduces consistently, you can continue with the next section. Achieving atomic resolution You prepared your measurement so that the Topography in the Line graph is reproducing stably. Now the scan range has to be decreased in order to observe the atomic structure. 43 FIRST MEASUREMENTS Reminder: Measurements on the nanometer scale are very sensitive. Direct light, fast movements causing air flow and temperature variations near the scan head can influence and disturb the measurement. It is best to let a promising measurement run for some time to let it stabilize thermally. To decrease the Imaging area: - Click the Color map chart to make it active. The software will now draw a square that indicates of the new scan range. The size of the new scan range is displayed in the Tool Results Panel. If no flat region is available, refer to chapter Improving measurement quality (p.50) for further instructions. - Change the size of the new scan range to about 30-50nm by clicking and dragging a corner of the square with the mouse cursor. - Double click the chart when the scan new area is set as you want it. You 44 ACHIEVING ATOMIC RESOLUTION can abort the zoom function by clicking with the right mouse button. The imaging settings are now set in such a manner that the new measurement will correspond to the area that was indicated by the square. The image size should be decreased even further, considering that one nanometer is the diameter of between four and eight atoms. Atomic arrangements can normally be made out at an Image size of about 4nm: - Set the Image size in the Imaging panel to 4nm. - Some parts of the scan head react to the slightest temperature changes.
Good images of a successful measurement 45 FIRST MEASUREMENTS The graphite surface In a good color map chart of graphite you will see a pattern consisting of white, grey and black spots. It looks like a three dimensional image of balls lying next to each other, but be careful: these are not the single atoms! To interpret the image correctly you must first be aware that bright spots show high points and dark spots low ones. In the lattice model of graphite one can see that there are two different positions of the carbon atoms in the graphite crystal lattice: One with a neighbouring atom in the plane below (grey) and one without a neighbour in the lattice below (white). The behaviour of this button depends on whether a measurement is in progress or not. 46 FINISHING When a measurement is in progress, and is activated, a copy of the measurement is made to a measurement document after the measurement is finished. When the measurement is not in progress, a copy is made immediately. If you would like to take the snapshot of the measurement as it appears during the measurement without waiting to finish: - Click to stop scanning. - Generate a snapshot by clicking. The stored measurements can now be loaded with the easyScan 2 software and the Nanosurf Report software for later viewing, analysis and printing (see also Software Reference manual). Finishing Once you are done measuring: - Click to stop measuring. - Retract the sample holder first by using then. - Remove the magnifying cover from the scan head. - Remove the sample holder with one hand. - Remove the sample from the sample holder and store it in its case with the other hand. - Store the sample holder in its container. 47 FIRST MEASUREMENTS Measuring Gold It is more difficult to obtain good images of a gold. Atomic structures are difficult to observe because the electrons on the surface are much more homogeneously distributed than in graphite. But with some training the mono-atomic gold steps can be observed.
Due to the fact that the gold sample cannot be cleaned by simple means it is possible that with time contaminants may prevent you from obtaining good results. Tip Before you do any experiments with the gold sample it is necessary to practise on the graphite sample. You should also test the quality of your tip using the graphite sample. If that does not change CREATING A REPORT much retract the sample holder and rotate it a little by hand. Repeat the approach. - If the image reproduces stably, select a Image size between 200 and 300nm. Evaluate your measurements in the same way as you did with the graphite images, zoom, measure, save etc. Creating a report The optional Nanosurf Report software can be used for evaluating the measurement, and creating visually appealing reports. Here, we will just start the software and create a basic report. - Click in the Navigator. The Report software will now start, open the currently selected measurement in the report software, and evaluate it with the default template. For an in depth introduction to the Nanosurf Report software, refer to the Introduction section of the Nanosurf Report online help. Turning off the instrument - Follow the instructions from section Finishing (p.47). - Verify that you have saved all measurements that you would like to keep. - Exit the easyScan 2 software after having stored all desired measurement documents. If you exit the program whilst having some unsaved measurements, you will be asked to save them now. - Turn off the power switch. If you perform measurements regularly leave the instrument with the Magnifying cover over the scan head to protect it against dust. If you do not operate the instrument for several weeks, store the instrument as is described in section Storing the Instrument (p.20).
49 IMPROVING MEASUREMENT QUALITY Improving measurement quality Judging and improving tip quality From the quality of the measured images the quality of the tip and consequently that of the tunneling contact can be observed. A good tunneling contact is necessary for high quality images of atomic resolution. If during a good measurement the image quality diminished dramatically, the tip has most probably picked up some particles or you are near a step in the surface. - Continue measuring for a while (4-5 images); the tip may eventually lose the picked up material again. The color map image consists of uncorrelated lines. The scan lines in Line graph are unstable and the image in the Color map is blurred. This will cause images to be distorted. This effect can be observed when e.g. the upward scan is very different to the downward scan showing two differently distorted lattices. 52 REMOVING INTERFERING SIGNALS Consecutive upward and downward scan showing thermal drift. Thermal drift is very clearly perceptible on an atomic scale. To decrease thermal drift, keep the measurement running for some time to let the system stabilize (up to about one hour). Removing interfering signals Interfering signals can be recognised because they have a fixed frequency, usually a multiple of the local mains frequency (50 or 60 Hz) throughout the image. Thus, they are manifested by straight lines, that run throughout the image. Mechanical vibrations To find out if the interference is due to mechanical vibrations: - Measure the frequency of the vibrations. 53 IMPROVING MEASUREMENT QUALITY These vibrations have a frequency that is (a multiple of ) the rotation frequency of the source. This frequency is usually not a multiple of the local mains frequency, and may change slightly over time. Try the following to find out if the interfering signal is due to mechanical vibrations: - If possible, turn off all rotating machines (i.e. pumps) in the room.