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Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience. Related collections Future Science Group Data availability: Comments Comment on this article Sign in to comment Similar content 2,743 Proton therapy for pediatric malignancies: Fact, figures and costs. There is 1 item in your cart. Total (tax excl.): Continue shopping Proceed to checkout YOUR ROLE Students, Consultants, and More Repeat Customer Professor Business Consultant Individual Counselor HR Manager Researcher (Student) Researcher (Established) Healthcare Executive OUR PRODUCTS List of Psychological Assessments Products A-Z Authors A-Z Survey Customization Not Sure What Product You Need. Not Sure What To Do Next. About Translations TOPICS Leadership, Burnout, and More QUESTIONS. The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was developed for research into cognitive functioning, but it has become a recognized tool for exploring analytical ability, social behavior, body concept, preferred defense mechanism and problem solving style as well as other areas. The GEFT is a twenty-five item assessment which can be taken online or it may be purchased as a thirty-two page non-reusable booklet.PDFs are not refundable. Includes data collection: data file with participants' raw data and raw scale scores. Optionally, Individual Reports and Group Reports can be generated from the collected data - requires the purchase of report licenses. Customization services are available. Each pack includes 25 single-use booklets and includes scoring key. This is a paper product - FedEx shipping costs apply.This is a paper product. The manual will be printed, bound, and shipped to you (FedEx shipping costs apply). In Stock Add to cart Features of the GEFT Purpose: Assess cognitive style and analytical ability by measuring field-dependence and field-independence.
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Available with GEFT Booklet: These translations are of the instructions only (GEFT items are images) and are available free of charge with your purchase of the booklet pack. Each pack contains the English instructions and the translated instructions on separate pages. To order, select your language from the Translation drop-down list on the product page. Need multiple translations. Note: We cannot assure translation quality — many are made by individual researchers and we are not necessarily familiar with the particular language or dialect. Some of the translations are partial and typically do not have validation data. Basically, we offer whatever is available to facilitate your work. Adjective Check List Assesses personality traits with a full sphere of descriptive adjectives. The ACL provides a convenient, standardized method for recording and generating meaning for personal attributes of an individual. The ACL form can be used for self or observer ratings and Transform provides self or multi-rater assessment and reporting. Barron-Welsh Art Scale A non-verbal and remarkably valid measure of creativity. California Older Adult Stroop Test Use a stroop-type test designed specifically for older adults. California Q-Sort for Adults Arrange one hundred personality statements for easily quantifiable personality research. Flow Scales Assesses the optimal psychological experience of flow—an experience involving total absorption in the task at hand. Personality Adjective Check List The PACL is a 153-item self-report and rating measure of Theodore Millon's eight basic personality patterns for use with normal adults and counseling or psychotherapy clients. It clearly differentiates between the temporary condition of “state anxiety” and the more general and long-standing quality of “trait anxiety”. Contact us Terms of Service About Us Privacy Policy Services Blog. About Translations TOPICS Leadership, Burnout, and More QUESTIONS.
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You must select at least 1 quantity for this product. Some features of WorldCat will not be available.By continuing to use the site, you are agreeing to OCLC’s placement of cookies on your device. Find out more here. All rights reserved. You can easily create a free account. Werner on process vs.View Show abstract. In this study, we explore the specific assumption that relevant and irrelevant passive highlighting affects comprehension. We found that irrelevant highlights had significant negative effects on reading comprehension for Field Independents (FIs), but not Field Dependents (FDs). This is a surprising result because FDs typically rely on external cues to structure and help process information, whereas FIs use internal cues. This suggests that highlighting cues information but does not structure it. View Show abstract How Different Learning Style Can Effect False Memory Poster Full-text available Dec 2019 Pallavi Ojha Kedarmal Verma Naveen Kashyap View Psychobiography as a Means to Understanding Langer’s Contributions to Psychological Science Chapter Aug 2016 Jack Demick Trained as a generalist viewing psychology as a unified science, one of my most frequently cited publications (Demick 2000) is an article arguing that Langer’s theory of mindfulness has the makings of becoming aunifying framework for the field. Since that article demonstrated my academic bent, the present chapter employs my complementary practitioner leanings, using psychobiography as a framework for understanding Langer's contributions to psychological science. Independent transactions in similar cultural and the same academic environments simultaneously, 30 years of a professional friendship, and informal observations in laboratory meetings serve as data to reconstruct the underpinnings of her worldview shaping the problems, theory, and methods that have led her to become one of the most influential psychologists of all time.
View Show abstract ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. Recommended publications Article The Geodesics of Rolling Ball Systems August 2012 Daniel R. Cole A well-known and interesting family of sub-Riemannian space are the systemsRead more Article Embedded Information Literacy in the Basic Oral Communication Course: From Conception Through Assess. Discussion includes student performance as an impetus for change, collaborative course design between the oral communication teaching team and instructional librarians, and assessment initiatives. Suggestions for future collaborative work are articulated. Read more Article X-ray diffraction studies on precipitates and inclusions in steels using an extraction replica techn. The included material is removed from the metal surface embedded in a thin plastic replica, which is then formed into a small, compact, cylindrical specimen suitable for powder cameras. Because the extraction period is only a few minutes, the method has several advantages over bulk extraction methods. In addition to the more stable constituents, iron carbide, iron nitrides and metal sulphides have been successfully extracted. This presentation as a quotient enables us to generalize the methods of Atiyah and Bott to a setting with involutions and compute the mod 2. Poincare polynomials of these moduli spaces in the coprime case. We also compute the mod 2 Poincare series of moduli stacks of all real and quaternionic vector bundles of a fixed topological type. As an application of our computations, we give new examples of maximal real algebraic varieties. We prove that in the set of smooth -dimensional submanifolds of the projective space of dimension only the Veronese varieties have the following two properties: (i) the tangent projective spaces at any two points intersect in a point, (ii) the osculating projective space at every point coincides with the ambient space.
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We also find a criterion for a pair of submanifolds of to be contained in the same Veronese variety. We obtain calculation formulae that enable one to use these criteria in practice. Read more Article Holographic Fermi surfaces near quantum phase transitions December 2011 David Vegh We study holographic Fermi surfaces coupled to a bosonic degree of freedom. The gravity background is a chargedWe introduce a neutral scalar fieldAt finite N, these. We compute the bulk one-loop contribution to theThe results would give an embedding of the marginal Fermi liquid model by VarmaWe comment on important issues that arise atRIS BibTeX Plain Text What do you want to download. Citation only Citation and abstract Download ResearchGate iOS App Get it from the App Store now. Install Keep up with your stats and more Access scientific knowledge from anywhere or Discover by subject area Recruit researchers Join for free Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google Welcome back. Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with LinkedIn Continue with Google No account. All rights reserved. Terms Privacy Copyright Imprint. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. ( December 2017 ) By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. By continuing to browseFind out about Lean Library here Find out about Lean Library here This product could help you Lean Library can solve it Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download.Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download.For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page.
Search Google ScholarThe study examined these differences based on the effects of several demographic characteristics: age, sex, total time employed with the current employer, total time employed in the current position, level of education, type of position held in the organization, and amount of academic and applied finance experience. Results indicated that total time employed in the organization tended to affect GEFT performance with those employed for fewer years manifesting greater field independence. An overall learning effect, as measured by the average difference score obtained between Parts II and III of the GEFT, was observed for those examinees who had been employed in the organization longer than the average. Benbasat, I. and Dexter, A. ( 1979 ). Values and events approaches to accounting: An experimental evaluation. The Accounting Review, 54, 734 - 749. Benbasat, I. and Dexter, A. ( 1982 ). Individual differences in the use of decision support aids. Journal of Accounting Research, 20, 1 - 11. Carter, H. and Loo, R. ( 1980 ). Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric data. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 32 - 34. Chalip, L. ( 1979 ). Learning on the Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric data for a sample of business students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 707 - 710. Google Scholar. DeSanctis, G. and Dunikoski, R. ( 1983 ). Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric data for a sample of business students. Doktor, R. and Hamilton, W. ( 1973 ). Cognitive style and the acceptance of management science recommendations. Management Science, 19, 884 - 894. Dos Santos, B. and Bariff, M. ( 1988 ). A study of user interface aids for model-oriented decision support systems. Management Science, 34(4), 461 - 468. Fallik, B. and Eliot, J. ( 1985 ). Intuition, cognitive style, and hemispheric processing. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 683 - 697. Johnson, S., Flinn, J., and Tyzer, Z. ( 1979 ).
Effect of practice and training in spatial skills on embedded figures scores of males and females. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48, 975 - 984. Journal of Accounting Research, 11, 191 - 201. Lusk, E. and Kersnick, M. ( 1979 ). Effect of cognitive style and report format on task performance: The MIS design consequences. Management Science, 25, 787 - 798. Lusk, E. and Wright, H. ( 1981 ). Differences in sex and curricula on learning the Group Embedded Figures Test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 370. O'Leary, M., Calsyn, D., and Fauria, T. ( 1980 ). The Group Embedded Figures Test: A measure of cognitive style or cognitive impairment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 532 - 537. Pincus, K. ( 1984 ). Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric data for a sample of accountants compared with student norms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 707 - 712. Renna, M. and Zenhausern, R. ( 1976 ). The Group Embedded Figures Test: Normative data. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 1176 - 1178. Witkin, H., Goodenough, D., and Karp S. ( 1967 ). Stability of cognitive style from childhood to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(3), Part 1, 291 - 300. Witkin, H., Oltman, P., Raskin, E., and Karp, S. ( 1971 ). A manual for the Embedded Figures Test. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Google Scholar Find out about Lean Library here Journal of Physics: Conference Series Sep 2018 Show details Hide details Theoretical Issues in Cognitive Workload and Fatigue Crossref Stephen J. Guastello Jan 2016 Show details Hide details Lessons Learned and Future Directions Crossref Stephen J. Guastello Jan 2016 Show details Hide details By continuing to browse. In the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1971) the participants are asked to trace with their finger the outline of a figure located within an obscuring complex scene. Participants complete 12 trials and 2 forms are available for test-retest use.
The simple figure and complex scene cannot be viewed at the same time. Participants are allotted 3 min to complete the task. Spreen and Benton ( 1969 ) developed a similar task in which the participant uses a pencil to identify the embedded target shape. Participants complete 16 items presented within a non-reusable paper booklet. Unlike Witkin’s EFT, in this version the target figure is located on the left side of the page, while the complex visual scene with the target embedded within is located to the right. There is also a version for. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. PubMed Google Scholar Navon, D. (1977). Forrest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Google Scholar Panek PE, Funk LG, Nelson PK. (1980), Reliability and validity of the Group Embedded Figures Test across the life span. Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Victoria: University of Victoria. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.In: Kreutzer J.S., DeLuca J., Caplan B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. Groups Discussions Quotes Ask the Author To see what your friends thought of this book,This book is not yet featured on Listopia.There are no discussion topics on this book yet. The extent to which the GEFT measures aspects of personality and cognitive impairment was explored. Eighty-one male alcoholics, mean age of 42.9, receiving treatment for alcoholism at the Seattle VA Medical Center were administered the GEFT, Shipley Hartford Institute of Living Scale, the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (CAQ). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Part B of the TMT and the residual abstraction score from the Shipley share 32 of the common variance with GEFT. The CAQ second-order factors of depression and independence also contributed significantly to the regression equation accounting for an additional 10 of the common variance.
The results suggest the GEFT may be more a measure of cognitive impairment than personality. Alternative explanations are explored. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The variable ways in which EFT findings have been interpreted demonstrate that the construct validity of this measure is unclear. In addition, we compared L-EFT performance to the original group EFT to directly contrast both tasks. Additionally, the results show that performance on the L-EFT is similarly associated with memory span and fluid intelligence as the group EFT. These results further emphasize that empirical data on the construct validity of a task do not always align with the face validity of a task. Keywords: Intelligence, Perceptual style, Executive functions, Weak central coherence, Embedded figures, EFT Introduction Most theories, models and experiments in cognitive psychology aim to reveal general principles of mental functioning. One important contribution to research on individual differences in visual perception and cognition was made by Herman Witkin. In 1950, Witkin developed the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) to measure an information processing style that was either field-dependent or field - independent ( Witkin, 1950 ). Witkin assumed that the correlation between these two tests revealed an underlying cognitive style that could impact a wide array of domains, especially with regard to education ( Witkin et al., 1975 ).
Witkin and colleagues hypothesized that individuals with a field-independent style were generally more analytic in their approach and would therefore be better suited for curricula and jobs that were focused on mathematics, sciences and engineering than field-dependent individuals. Open in a separate window Figure 1 The embedding principles of the Group EFT and L-EFT. The figures A to E are constructed by the authors of this paper to resemble the shapes of the G-EFT developed by Witkin for illustration purposes (the real G-EFT figures are copyright protected). The simple line shape (A) is embedded within four context shapes through different embedding principles: line continuation (B), parallel lines (C), shading to create incongruent segmentation (D) and shading to create incongruent figure-ground interpretations (E). These different embedding principles are used in different trials of the G-EFT in combination with different target shapes (no systematic factorial combination). In (F) an example target stimulus and in (G to J) four embedding contexts containing the target shape are presented. The target is increasingly embedded in the context shape through a higher number of continued lines. Target shape and number of continued lines are combined in a factorial way in the L-EFT. Milne and Szczerbinski performed a factor analysis on a wide range of tasks assumed to measure enhanced local processing or weak central coherence (including the group EFT; Witkin et al., 1971 ) to test whether a common factor underlies these different local-global tasks. Their results suggested that individual differences on the EFT reflected a factor called disembedding, but did not reflect a general local or global perceptual style. The disembedding factor also correlated with coherent motion thresholds and intelligence in their student sample.
John Duncan (2013) has even explicitly used the EFT to illustrate the types of problem solving that are typically involved in tests of fluid intelligence. The theoretical account that he has put forward is supported by numerous observations. Although the EFT has also been interpreted as a measure of executive functions ( Brosnan et al., 2002 ), there have been no studies, to our knowledge, that explicitly measured the association between EFT performance and executive functions. The current studies were motivated by our limited understanding of what may drive individual differences in EFT performance. To study this, the Leuven Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT), a computerised EFT with a well-controlled stimulus set regarding the perceptual factors involved in embedding was used ( De Wit et al., 2017 ). We evaluated to what extent the L-EFT relates to a local or global perceptual style and to measures of fluid intelligence and executive functions. In addition, the L-EFT is compared to Witkin’s group EFT in order to assess the extent to which these reflect (dis)similar underlying perceptual or cognitive processes. In Study 1, we set out to investigate whether the variance in performance on the L-EFT could be explained by the variance in performance on two other related perceptual tests that have often been assumed to measure a common local or global bias (namely, a variant of the Navon hierarchical letter task and a coherent motion task). Based on a previous study investigating variants of the L-EFT in relation to hierarchical perceptual processing in the Navon task, it was predicted that there would be little correlation between local-global perceptual performance and performance on the L-EFT ( Chamberlain et al., 2017 ). In Study 2, we set out to investigate to what extent individual differences on the L-EFT could be predicted by performance on an array of different executive function (EF) tasks and fluid intelligence.
The moderate correlation between the EFT and fluid intelligence would reflect residual problem-solving processes required to perform the tasks. For the EFs we explored whether performance on the L-EFT was associated to memory span, inhibition and cognitive flexibility. In Study 3, we compared the L-EFT to Witkin’s original group EFT (G-EFT). The two tasks differ in two important aspects. The perceptual factors that make the target shape more difficult to find ( embedding principles ) are systematically manipulated in the L-EFT and their effect on difficulty has been explicitly studied which is not the case for the G-EFT. The embedding principles in the G-EFT, as evaluated on the basis of our visual inspection, include manipulations of 3D shapes that conflict with the 2D target shape, shading to create conflicting figure-ground interpretations ( Fig. 1E ), shading to create conflicting segmentation ( Fig. 1D ), line continuation ( Fig. 1B ), mirror symmetry in the context shape and adding lines that are parallel with the target lines ( Fig. 1C ). The L-EFT and G-EFT also differ in the task procedure. In the L-EFT the target shape is presented simultaneously with the embedding context, while in the G-EFT the target shape is not presented simultaneously with the embedding context. Due to this difference participants may need to hold the target shape in memory for longer periods of time in the G-EFT than in the L-EFT. Therefore, we predict that memory span is more strongly associated to the G-EFT than the L-EFT. In addition, Study 2 and 3 include an evaluation of the split-half and test-retest reliability of the L-EFT to test whether the variance that is picked up by the L-EFT remains consistent within the test and across different test moments. Study 1 Study 1 aimed to evaluate to what extent the variance in performance on the L-EFT could be explained by the variance in performance on a variant of the Navon hierarchical letter task and a Coherent Motion task.
Furthermore, the Navon task included conditions in which participants were instructed to selectively attend the local or global level of the hierarchical letter. Thus, if the L-EFT reflects a local perceptual style we would predict a stronger association between good L-EFT performance and good performance on the local than the global attention condition of the Navon Selective Attention Task (NSAT). If the L-EFT reflects a global perceptual style we would predict a stronger association between good L-EFT performance and good performance on the global than the local attention condition of the NSAT. Good performance on the Coherent Motion task is typically interpreted as a reflection of a global perceptual style. Therefore, if good L-EFT performance reflects a global perceptual style we predict a positive association between good performance on the Coherent Motion task and good performance on the L-EFT. Methods Participants A group of 62 undergraduate psychology students took part in this study for course credits. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional ethical committee and approved by the ethical committee of the KU Leuven (approval number: S58409) as well as in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent for each participant was obtained prior to testing. Instruments Leuven Embedded Figures Test (L-EFT). The stimulus set of the L-EFT consisted of 16 different target shapes (simple line drawings) each embedded to a varying degree in a context shape, producing 64 unique trials. Participants were asked to perform a matching-to-sample task and were presented with one target shape (on the top of the screen) and three context shapes (on the bottom of the screen) simultaneously ( Fig. 2A ). The target and context shapes had a size of 3 cm 2.
The target shape was presented in the middle on top of the screen and the context shapes were presented next to each other and 7 cm below the target shape. Of the three context shapes presented, one contained the target while the other two were distractor contexts. The context shape with the target always contained the target shape with the same scale and orientation as the target shape presented on top of the screen. Participants were asked to choose which context shape contained the target as quickly and accurately as possible by clicking on the response alternative with the computer mouse. The stimulus displays were presented until the participant provided a correct response. If they provided a wrong response, feedback was given and they were prompted to give a new response until they chose the correct context shape. All 64 trials were presented in a random order. The entire task takes 5 to 10 min to complete. Open in a separate window Figure 2 Visualization of the tasks used in Study 1. The task procedure of the L-EFT (A), NSAT (B) and CM task (C) as used in Study 1. The colors in the CM task are only added for illustration purposes. In the experiment all dots had the same color. Navon Selective Attention Task (NSAT). A white global letter with a size of 3.5 cm 2 made up of local letters was presented 2.5 cm from the fixation cross against a black background ( Fig. 2B ). The global and local letters could be 1 of 5 consonants (C, D, F, H, T) or 1 of 5 vowels (U, O, E, A, I). The local and global letter were either congruent (both vowels or consonants) or incongruent (one vowel, one consonant). A total of 100 experimental trials were presented to participants in addition to 10 practice trials. In each trial, a fixation cross was presented for 100 ms followed by a letter shape for 300 ms. Participants received a 4 stime limit starting at stimulus onset to provide a response.
Accuracy and response times were registered and stimulus presentation and response registration were controlled by PsychoPy ( Peirce, 2007 ). Coherent Motion Task (CM). An array of 600 moving dots was presented at central fixation to participants ( Fig. 2C ). A proportion of the dots moved in the same direction ( global motion ), while the other dots moved in random directions. The direction of global motion was manipulated and had four levels: up, down, left and right. The proportion of dots that moved in the global motion direction was manipulated and consisted of eight levels ranging from 5 to 80. The stimuli were presented for 500 ms and the participants had to make a forced choice between the four possible motion directions by pressing one of the four arrow keys. A total of 400 experimental trials were presented and 80 practice trials. Procedure Testing took place in multiple one-hour sessions for different groups each consisting of approximately 15 participants. Each participant performed the computer tasks individually on a Dell Inspiron desktop computer in a slightly darkened computer room. The monitor had a width of 46 cm and a height of 26 cm. Participants viewing distance was on average 45 cm, but was not constrained by a chin rest. The tasks were administered in fully counterbalanced order. Data analysis method To summarize performance on the L-EFT only the first response on each trial was used. Performance on the L-EFT was summarized by the proportion of correct responses and the median response times (RTs) of the accurate responses for each participant. Performance on the CM task was summarized by calculating the mean accuracy of each participant ( CM accuracy ). For the CM task no response times were registered. Performance on the NSAT was summarized by calculating the median RTs of accurate trials and the mean accuracy in the local ( NSAT local ) and global attention conditions ( NSAT global ).