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Please choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.Please choose a different delivery location or purchase from another seller.Please try again. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Register a free business account Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. They evaluate the perspectives and pitfalls in determining the costs and benefits of a mega-project ex ante, and examine the wider impacts of mega-projects, including issues such as regional growth, energy transition and climate change. Although the focus is on the advanced economies of North America, Europe, and Australia, much of the material is useful for other parts of the world where large transport infrastructure projects are currently underway or will be developed in the coming years. Practitioners, politicians and policymakers involved in large transport infrastructure projects will also find this book to be an invaluable reference tool. The art and science of decision-making and assessing the impacts of such projects are thoroughly discussed with a view to offering future decision-makers a better steer on the development of such projects. Spurred-on by globalization and increasing in their number, size and complexity, the challenges that megaprojects pose are likely to grow paradoxically both in times of economic growth and austerity.CBA: Ex Ante Evaluation of Mega-projects Bert van Wee and Piet Rietveld 13. The Use of CBA in Decision-making on Mega-projects: Empirical Evidence Jan Anne Annema 14.
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Long-term Impacts of Mega-projects: The Discount Rate Carl Koopmans and Piet Rietveld 15. Mega-projects’ Cost Performance and Lock-in: Problems and Solutions Chantal C. Cantarelli and Bent Flyvbjerg 16. Ethics and the Ex Ante Evaluation of Mega-projects Bert van Wee PART IV: WIDER IMPACTS: REGIONAL GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY 17. The Wider Economic Impacts of Mega-projects in Transport Roger Vickerman 18. Mega-projects: New Challenges to Cope with Climate Change and Energy Transition Jan Anne Annema and Hugo Priemus 19. Road Vehicle Automation: Elephant in the Infrastructure Room Richard Gilbert Index Your data is safe with us, you can find more detail in our privacy policy. Evidence from China The Case of Albert O. Hirschman London: Ashgate, 2008, pp. 65-83The Case of Cost Overruns in Dutch Transport Infrastructure Projects The Case of Transportation An Interview with Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus Konnen Sie Uns Erklaren, Woran Das Liegt? (Our Biggest Schemes Work Out So Badly. Can You Explain the Reason for This?) An Interview with Bent Flyvbjerg Reply to Stefano Moroni Beijing: Cambridge University Press and China Science Publishing and Media, 209 pp.By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies. To learn more, visit our Cookies page. Constructing Viking Link: How the. It shows how energopower, that is, the political power inherent to energy infrastructures, is reinforced through the workings of cost-benefit analysis as prescribed by the Danish Ministry of Finance. In doing so, the paper offers a novel approach to the performativity of calculative devices, highlighting the role of infopower, a Foucauldian neologism denoting the power inherent to information structures. Calculative devices are understood as information infrastructures that exert power through the work of data formatting. The cost-benefit analysis, as such a calculative device, limits the potential valuations of Viking Link and hence restricts decision-making.
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This has impactful consequences, as the infopower of mainstream economic thinking makes it possible to disregard relevant aspects of Viking Link, like its (lacking) contribution to decarbonization and alternatives to interconnectors as ways of integrating fluctuating renewable energy. Il montre comment l’ energopower, c’est-a-dire le pouvoir politique inherent aux infrastructures energetiques, est renforce par le fonctionnement de l’analyse cout-benefice prescrite par le ministere danois des finances. Ce faisant, l’article propose une nouvelle approche de la performativite des dispositifs de calcul, mettant en evidence le role de l’ infopower, un neologisme foucaldien designant le pouvoir inherent aux structures d’information. Les dispositifs de calcul sont entendus comme des infrastructures d’information qui exercent un pouvoir grace au travail de formatage des donnees. L’analyse cout-benefice, en tant que tel un dispositif de calcul, limite les evaluations potentielles du Viking Link et restreint donc la prise de decision. Cela a des consequences importantes, car l’ infopower de la pensee economique traditionnelle permet de ne pas tenir compte des aspects pertinents du Viking Link, tels que sa contribution (manquante) a la decarbonisation et les alternatives aux interconnecteurs comme moyens d’integrer des energies renouvelables fluctuantes. The paper is structured as follows: After introducing the case of the interconnector Viking Link and the research question it gives rise to, section 1 presents the analytical concepts invoked, namely a conception of facts (1.1) embedded in the notion of the performativity of economics (1.2). Section 2 offers an analysis of the Danish CBA with specific focus on the welfare-economic foundations and concepts (2.1 and 2.2) and the treatment of selected factors like CO2 emissions (2.3), the alternative scenarios (2.4) and risk (2.5). Sections 3 concludes.
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Like other transmission and distribution costs of electricity, this infrastructure megaproject (Flyvbjerg, 2017) is billed to residential and commercial electricity consumers via electricity grid tariffs, in line with the current Danish revenue cap regulation of electricity infrastructure. Furthermore, Viking Link receives support from the EU interconnector financing mechanism “Projects of Common Interest” (European Commission, 2019). The map in Figure 1 shows Viking Link seen from a Danish perspective. For Energinet, the Danish Transmission System Operator (TSO) responsible for the Danish share of Viking Link, the investment follows recent ones in the Danish-Dutch Cobra cable and the Danish-German “Krieger’s Flak Combined Grid Solution,” which both went into operation in 2019. Approvals were given based on cost-benefit analyses, described as so-called business cases by the involved parties. The business case, describing the economic interest in Viking Link (and in other interconnectors between mainland Europe and the UK) hinges on a relatively large price gap between the UK and continental Europe, giving rise to arbitrage rents, that is, gains from trade between the higher priced British and the lower priced continental European systems. Ceteris paribus, Viking Link increases average prices in Denmark and decreases them in Britain. As such, the cost-benefit-analysis of Viking Link is strongly tied to welfare-economic assumptions as applied in energy and environmental economics. Although the conflict itself is outside the scope of this article, it makes it even more important to take a closer look at how the results of the CBA came about: How did cost-benefit analysis act as a fact-making calculative device, leading to the construction of Viking Link? A thought collective is a community of practice ( Lave and Wengers, 1991) that exchanges ideas and develops a shared thought style of which the individual is “never, or hardly ever, conscious” (Fleck, 1979, 42).
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Thought styles are characterized by delimiting what is considered to be relevant and what is considered to be irrelevant. A cost-benefit analysis can thus be understood as an institutionalization of the welfare-economic thought collective. Although Ludwik Fleck with his concept of thought collectives emphasizes the role of what Karin Knorr-Cetina’s (1999) calls “epistemic culture” in the construction of facts, Fleck was certainly not a pure social constructionist as Barbara Herrnstein Smith (2006) emphasizes. Therefore, Fleck’s conceptualization of facts does not conflict with, but rather is compatible to, newer socio-material concepts that Actor-Network-Theory and Science and Technology Studies have given rise to, such as “calculative devices” (Muniesa and Callon, 2005) and “infopower” Koopman (2019), to which I turn in the following section 1.2. It describes that economic theory does not just represent, but shapes—that is, performs —reality. Thus, economists and their “calculative devices” (Callon and Muniesa, 2005) “make markets” (MacKenzie, Muniesa and Siu, 2007). To emphasize this power of calculative devices, I introduce the concept of infopower coined by Colin Koopman (2019) in How We Became Our Data. It signifies the power inherent to structures that format information, and calculative devices such as cost-benefit analysis can be understood as such a structure. Calculative devices format information and feed it into public debates, changing their outcomes, and thereby performatively exerting infopower. As a neologism based on the Foucauldian term biopower (Foucault, 2008), infopower emphasizes the agency of both human and non-human actors (Lemke, 2015). 3 It provides a way of understanding how calculative devices themselves exert power by making economists follow calculative rules, even before they have made any conscious choices as human actors.
This becomes especially clear when considering the de facto status of law of the cost-benefit guidelines of the Danish Ministry of Finance. The As infopower, energopower is derived from the Foucaldian term biopower and describes how infrastructures, political structures and capital structures of incumbent fossil energy players create path dependencies and lock-ins that restrict the energy futures imaginable (Hasberg, 2019a). The Ministry of Finance is regarded as the authoritative reference guideline (Finansministeriet, 1999) which has been updated since the original Energinet calculations were made (Finansministeriet, 2017). In addition, the Danish Energy Authority publishes specific guidelines for energy projects (Energistyrelsen, 2018d). Energinet has also published a guide to their appraisals in connection with the Viking Link debate (Energinet, 2017a). 5 In spite of the goal of CBA to make projects comparable, no general consensus exists on how to practice CBA. As De Nooij (2011, 3100) states, “a project’s approval may depend on which government’s department has to approve.” Source: Energistyrelsen (2017). When a Pareto improvement makes some actors better off at the expense of others, then those who are made better off could potentially compensate the losers, although this compensation does not have to take place. This is known as the Kaldor-Hicks compensation principle. It describes a situation where two separate groups of consumers, for example at different geographic locations, are charged a different price for the same good. Third degree price discrimination leads to Pareto inefficiency, because of the welfare loss caused by lost consumption possibilities. It can be alleviated through arbitrage, that is, by buying in the higher and selling in the lower priced market through an interconnector, as shown in Figure 3.
The low-priced country B on the right-hand side of Figure 3 could represent Denmark in the Viking Link case, as Danish wholesale electricity prices are low due to high wind shares: On electricity exchanges like the Nordic NordPool market, windy hours result in a large supply of electricity at short-term marginal costs close to zero, exerting a downward push on the market clearing price. In Figure 3, Britain is the importing country A on the left panel. As I will show in section 2.4, this limits the extent to which alternatives to cross-country price zone integration, namely cross-sectoral integration, is taken into consideration in the analysis of whether to go forward with the interconnector project Viking Link or not. The welfare-economic assumption of Pareto optimality exerts infopower by implicitly reaching for optimality across borders, not across sectors. As Dutton and Lockwood (2017) write: “There is now a well-established theoretical literature, mainly economic, that has suggested reasons why greater interconnection has proved difficult to achieve in practice, despite the clear benefits to aggregate welfare, security of supply and competitiveness.” Kemfert et al. (2015) and Schmidt and Lilliestam (2015) pose exceptions to this literature. Basing their CBA on different assumptions Kemfert et al. (2015) conclude that welfare losses are associated with excessive transmission capacity investment, not with a lack of transmission lines. This resonates with Rumpf and Bjornebye (2019) who show that existing interconnectors in Europe are underutilized. In their dissection of CBA procedures of interconnector valuation, Schmidt and Lilliestam (2015) find that CBA “ obscures rather than highlights different perspectives and values of stakeholders and biases transmission system planning towards a particular set of values” (Schmidt and Lilliestam, 2015, 120, my italics). As noted above, it is not necessary that the winners compensate the losers.
In short, microeconomic welfare theory is the reason why an interconnected European electricity market is perceived as efficient. For Denmark as the exporting country B, interconnection will result in consumer welfare loss and producer welfare gain. Distributional effects therefore do not play any role in Danish CBA and are not specifically addressed in the Danish CBA guidelines (Finansministeriet, 2017). The use of CBA thus leads to a depolitization of distributional questions. For Danish interconnectors, trade is assumed to result in an overall “welfare gain” composed of a “consumer loss” outweighed by a “producer surplus” because of today’s relatively large price differential between Denmark and Britain. The Kaldor Hicks compensation criterion ensures that distributional effects can be disregarded. When fossil German power is imported via Viking Link, the British Carbon Price Floor 6 is by-passed, hence, eroding the British policy measure. Nevertheless, the CO2 effects in neighboring countries due to changed generation patterns are not part of the Energinet cost-benefit analysis. Nevertheless, echoing the promotion of Viking Link as an enabler of green electricity exports as expressed by the minister, Norway is described as acting as a “green battery of Europe” (Gullberg, 2013; Gullberg, Ohlhorst and Schreurs, 2014; Hethey et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) on which decision-making is based returned a positive result, resulting in the approval of the project. As such, it acts as a calculative device producing facts in a Fleckian sense, serving as accepted, unquestioned and mobile statements in the decision-making process, rendering questions regarding European CO2-emissions irrelevant. As the Minister states, CO2 effects are not included because the emissions take place inside the European Emissions Trading Scheme ETS.
To discard emissions because they are taking place inside a quota market is common practice and recommended by the Danish CBA guidelines (Finansministeriet, 2017; Energistyrelsen, 2018d). This renders the valuation of the link independent of its CO2 effects. Thus, the combination of two calculative devices, the cost-benefit analysis and the quota market, enables the disappearance of CO2 damage cost in cost-benefit analysis, an effect that Cal?skan and Callon (2009) and Madra and Adaman (2014) call “depolitization through economization.” However, when there is significant uncertainty about the BAU—which is the case in transformation processes—the comparison of only two states becomes a major way in which CBA facilitates ignorance. Energinet assumes that only 15 of the district heating demand in 2035 is covered by large heat pumps and electric boilers (Energinet.dk, 2014; 2016), cited in (Hvelplund and Djorup, 2020, 75). This is low compared to the Smart Energy Scenarios developed by Energinet itself (Energinet, 2018; 2019). Also, it does not consider the direct production of electrofuels for transportation using offshore wind (Ridjan, Mathiesen and Connolly, 2016). This type of scenario has not been considered in the analysis of Viking Link as it does not fit in the cost-benefit analysis approach comparing projects to a BAU scenario. The cost-benefit analysis methodology induces ignorance towards alternatives that are paradigmatically different to the proposed project. The result is that sectoral integration as a flexibility measure, although constituting an alternative to international interconnection, is left out of the decision-making process on Viking Link. The calculative device restricts choices by defining alternative scenarios as outside the scope of CBA, which is problematic in a situation of system transformation.
One of the fundamental risk elements of megaprojects is uncertainty regarding up-front costs and future benefits of the investment, and megaprojects are, generally speaking, prone to ex ante risk underestimation. 7 Under the current revenue cap regulation and TSO regulation, Danish consumers act as risk-bearers, incentivizing risk-taking behavior of Energinet. (The role of regulation in relation to risk is outside the scope of this paper; see instead Hasberg (2020, Chapter 8; and 2019b) ). However, since the sensitivity analyses are not mentioned in the summary presented by the Danish Energy Authority (Energistyrelsen, 2017), risk is downplayed in the presentation of results. Cannibalization effects on interconnectors without Danish involvement are excluded from the cost-benefit analysis but are listed in a separate table that is redacted (Energinet, 2017d, 14). The sensitivity analyses include several scenarios for additional interconnection capacity, but the results contradict each other in the two available public versions of the business case. Energinet (2017c, 18) states that if an additional interconnector is established between Britain and Norway, the value of Viking Link is reduced by 336 million DKK; furthermore, a 1.4 GW interconnector between Britain and Germany will reduce the value of Viking Link by 443 million DKK. Contrast this to Energinet (2017a, 33), stating that a 2 GW interconnector between Britain and Germany will reduce the value of Viking Link by 809 million DKK. 8 It is not clear why the two estimates differ. With nine new interconnectors planned between the UK and the European continent, cannibalization effects seem underestimated in the analysis, implicitly accepting cannibalization effects on already existing, own lines as a “necessary evil.” Accepting such a loss is typically the case when private companies attempt to win market shares as part of a growth strategy (Investopedia, 2019).
This strategy hence points to Energinet not as a natural monopolist, but as a multinational competitor in the European market for interconnectors, a point that I elaborate on in Hasberg (2020a, Chapter 8). This section takes a closer look at system transformation as a risk to the profitability of the link due to the simultaneity of the incidence of wind in Denmark and the UK. As with the interconnector estimates in section 2.5.1 above, there are inconsistencies in the sensitivity analysis of the impact of large shares of wind in Britain in Energinet (2017a, 32), stating that significantly higher amounts of wind and solar power as described in the 2030 National Grid “Gone Green” scenario reduce the value of Viking Link by 2.84 billion DKK.
Containing walks and detailed maps from throughout the city, Secret Stairs highlights the charms and quirks of a unique feature of the Los Angeles landscape, and chronicles the geographical, architectural, and historical aspects of the city’s staircases, as well as of the neighborhoods in which the steps are located. That house was designed by Neutra. Over there is a Schindler. That’s where Woody Guthrie lived, where Anais Nin died, and where Thelma Todd was murdered.... Now, Secret Stairs puts these hidden stairways back on the map, while introducing urban hikers to exciting new “trails” all around the city of Los Angeles. A former staff writer for Newsweek, Variety, and the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and a frequent contributor to Vanity Fair, the New York Times, Los Angeles, and LA Weekly, he is currently a staff writer for the Los Angeles Times. Fleming lives in Los Angeles. You leave the known city behind and visit a quiet place built for an entirely different kind of living. Bungalows, some of them 100 years old, sit amid towering oaks and wildflowers, no roads or cars in sight. Fleming can point out the house where Anais Nin died, the house where William Faulkner wrote To Have and Have Not, the cabin-hotel where Ernest Hemingway once hung his hat, the place where Tom Mix’s saloon used to be and where his horse might be buried (in the vicinity of a Ralphs supermarket). Walking the stairs is like time travel, and you can picture schoolchildren, homemakers and bricklayers huffing up and down the flights on their way to school, to market and to work.” —Steve Lopez, Los Angeles Times. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with Secret Stairs A Walking Guide To The Historic Staircases Of Los Angeles. To get started finding Secret Stairs A Walking Guide To The Historic Staircases Of Los Angeles, you are right to find our website which has a comprehensive collection of manuals listed.
Our library is the biggest of these that have literally hundreds of thousands of different products represented. I get my most wanted eBook Many thanks If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you. Verisign. During this time staircases in L.A were used as modes of crossings and connections for pedestrians across the city. Nowadays, the remaining stairs around the city are used as killer workout alternatives to gyms. Some are just little nooks that offer a unique viewpoint of our city. It’s not every little staircase in L.A., but it’s definitely enough to get you started. Echo Park also features a few other historic stairways you might want to check out, including the Laveta Terrace Stairway, Clinton Stairway, Curran Stairway, and Avalon Stairway. See link below for more information on all! The longest of the three is the East set, which is about 513 steps in total. The first is at the intersection of 7th Street leads to Entrada Drive, the second is near the intersection of 4th Street leads to Ocean Avenue. Elevation gain on both sets is around 100 feet. It gets crowded quickly during the day, with folks from a variety of workout levels and sometimes things get a little competitive, so don’t say we didn’t warn you. Also known simply as the Culver City Stairs. This stair hike is nothing short of nonstop views. Go up and down just a few times and your glutes will really start to feel it! If you map it right, your stair hike can end up on the beach. Here are a couple helpful resources: Let us know your favorite staircase spots to climb in the comments below. Por favor, tente novamente.Por favor, tente novamente.Containing more than 40 walks and detailed maps, this handbook highlights the charms and quirks of this quintessential feature of Los Angeles’ development and chronicles the geographical, architectural, and historical features of each staircase and the neighborhoods in which the steps are located.
From strolling through the classic La Loma neighborhood in Pasadena and walking the vintage Red Car Loop in Silver Lake to taking the Beachwood Canyon Hollywoodland hike and enjoying the magnificent ocean views from the Castellammare district in Pacific Palisades, these staircases present a new way for urban explorers to discover a little-known side of the City of Angels. Compre seu Kindle aqui, ou baixe um app de leitura Kindle GRATIS. He has written for numerous magazines, including LA Weekly, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, the Los Angeles Times, Newsweek, the New York Times, and Vanity Fair. He is the author of High Concept: Don Simpson and the Hollywood Culture of Excess and the coauthor of The Goomba Diet: Living Large, The Goomba’s Book of Love, A Goomba’s Guide to Life, My Lobotomy, Three Weeks in October: The Manhunt for the Serial Sniper. He lives in Los Angeles. Para calcular a classificacao geral de estrelas e a analise percentual por estrela, nao usamos uma media simples. Em vez disso, nosso sistema considera coisas como se uma avaliacao e recente e se o avaliador comprou o item na Amazon. Ele tambem analisa avaliacoes para verificar a confiabilidade. Charles wrote it in a very interesting way, the explanation of the walks are perfect, I tried a lot of them and had a really great time. They're really friendly and open-minded, perfect for a Sunday morning walk.They are very unique and I've enjoyed them all, I've not found anything like this in any other book. Even before I moved to LA now that I’m here I’m so excited to check them out!