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The Ultimate Guide to Citing Anything in Chicago Style There are two types of referencing styles in Chicago: 1) Notes and Bibliography and 2) Author-Date. Our thorough MLA format and APA format guides are available for all of your writing and citing needs! The list includes the important publication details of the sources. The bibliography must also follow this format: These footnotes and endnotes acknowledge the different sources used in the work. That number correlates with a footnote or endnote. This will reduce the bulk of citation information in the paper. Writers would use ibid instead of writing out the source information again. This was meant to save space since it’s fewer characters than citing the source again. This is because ibid requires readers to go back and search for the previous source cited, an inconvenience which outweighs the benefits of shortening the citation. Also, shortened citations are compact, so using ibid doesn’t always save line space. If there are more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Focus on keeping key words from the title and omitting any beginning “a” or “the.” Examples: Martin’s Press, 2007), 24-27. This site is full of helpful pages, so if you’re tempted to head to Google to type in, “in-text citations Chicago,” take a peek at the official site first. Even though full bibliographic information can be found in the footnotes and endnotes, it is still acceptable, and often required by instructors, to create a bibliography. The bibliography is placed at the end of an assignment. Title of book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. Martin’s Press, 2009), 84. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009. Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. London: Routledge, 1994. First Name Last Name of Editor (Publication Place: Publisher, Year), page range. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. Head to our homepage and start building your Chicago format references with ease!
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Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2014. The URL or database name should be the last part of the citation. Title of Book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. URL, Name of Database. There are tons of Citation Machine grammar guides to help you write with ease.It’s also acceptable to omit page information from Chicago style citations if there aren’t clearly labeled page numbers. Title of book. Publication Place: Publisher, Year. Type of e-reader. Washington: AmazonCrossing, 2016. Kindle. Scroll up to find out more! Give it a whirl and watch the magic unfold! It’s acceptable to simply mention the source in the written portion of the paper. For example, “The Marco Polo page on History’s website, last updated on March 6, 2019, describes his travels along the Silk Road while.” Include formal Chicago citation style references if you or your professor prefers to do so. Try it out! Formal bible references in bibliographies are not necessary. Two of our favorites. Adjectives starting with X and List of verbs. Of course, if the writer or professor prefers a full bibliographic reference, one can be created. Title of Larger Blog, if part of a larger one, Month Day Year of post. URL. Head to our homepage and try ours out! Title of Series. Season Number, episode number, “Title of Episode.” Aired Month Day, Year, on Station Name. URL. Title of Case Study. (Publication Place: Publisher, Year). Title of Case Study. Both guides are widely used by those in legal fields and have become the standard for referencing legal cases. Lesser known reference books can be cited in the bibliography. Title of Dictionary or Encyclopedia. Numbered ed. Location of Publisher: Publisher, Year. URL or Database(Identification Number). Home Alone. 1990; Los Angeles, CA: 20th Century Fox. DVD. City, State Abbrev, Year. Audit of the Federal Bureau of Prisons Annual Financial Statements Fiscal Year 2014. Washington, DC, 2014. Use one of those formats to cite your interview.
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They are rarely listed in the Chicago style bibliography. In addition, an e-mail address belonging to an individual should be omitted, unless given permission by its owner. Title of Album. Recorded Year. Producer. Remember, this style uses footnotes and endnotes. Head to the top of this page to learn more! Site video, Length. URL. Published on September 11, 2019. YouTube video, 01:35.. Title of Image. Date. Format. Location, State, URL. If it’s a recorded performance, follow the Chicago style format for musical recordings. First Name Last name, chor. Name of Theatre, City, State Abbrev, Date of Live Performance. Garth Fagan, chor. Minskoff Theatre, New York, NY, August 8, 2019. If found online, include the url. It’s the perfect go-to resource when you’re in need of another set of eyes to scan your paper! Michele Kirschenbaum has been an awesome school librarian since 2006 and is an expert in citing sources. Wendy Ikemoto has a master’s degree in library and information science and has been working for Citation Machine since 2012. There are two two documentation systems: Notes-Bibliography System (NB) is made up of footnotes or endnotes (or both), and a bibliography Author-Date System consists of parenthetical author-date citations and a corresponding reference list including full publication information The style offers academic writers the choice between these two formats; choosing which system you are going to apply to your work will depend on your discipline and the type of sources you are citing. If you are unsure which system you should be using, make sure you consult your tutor before you begin. This guide is not officially associated with the citation style, but it will give you a good overview of the rules and format. So read on to see how both Chicago variants work.
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The notes and bibliography system is primarily used in the humanities - including literature, history, and the arts - because it is a flexible style that accommodates unusual source types and opens up space for commentary on the sources cited. A superscript number at the end of the sentence signals to the reader that a source has been used, and summary details of the source can be found using the numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. Full details of the source information can be located in the bibliography, which is presented at the end of the essay in alphabetical order by author. Read more here about creating footnotes. The Chicago style citation also has an author-date variant, which is commonly used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Sources are briefly cited in the text and enclosed within parentheses. Each parenthetical citation includes the author’s last name, date of publication, and sometimes a page number, and is keyed to a corresponding citation in a complete list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided. Whether you are using the notes and bibliography system or the author-date style in your work, the Cite This For Me citing tool will generate your citations. Simply log in to your account, or create one for free, and select either the “note-bib” or “author-date” option. This guide has been written to support students, writers and researchers by offering clear, well-considered advice on the usage of Chicago citations. We understand that it is easy to inadvertently plagiarize your work under the mounting pressure of expectation and deadlines. That’s why we’ve created this citation generator to automate the citing process, allowing you to save valuable time transcribing and organizing your citations. So, rather than starting from scratch when your essay, article, or research is due, save yourself the legwork with the world’s most accurate citation generator. It’s a quick and easy way to cite any source.
There are thousands of other citation styles out there - the use of which one varies according to scholarly discipline, college requirements, your professor’s preference or the publication you are writing for. If you are looking to cite your work using MLA formatting, or your discipline requires you to use the APA citation style or Harvard referencing, you’ll find the style you need on the Cite This For Me website. As well as the Chicago citation generator above, you can find citation generators and style guides for styles such as ASA, IEEE or AMA. Whichever style you’re using, make sure that you apply the recommended method consistently throughout your work. Keep reading our comprehensive guide for practical advice and examples that will help you create each Chicago style citation with ease. If you need further information or examples, consult The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). Whenever you cite a source, whether it is using a direct quote, paraphrasing another author’s words, or simply referring to an idea or theory, you should: Insert a superscript number (raised slightly above the line) at the end of the sentence containing the source - begin with number 1 and continue numerically throughout the paper: This is an example. 1 The superscript number should follow any punctuation mark (full stops, parentheses and commas, etc.). Do not put any punctuation after the number Each number must correspond to a matching number at the foot of the page - whilst note numbers in-text are set as superscript numbers, the notes themselves are full size A footnote generally lists the author (first name first), title, and facts of publication (enclosed in parentheses), in that order - each should be separated by commas. Titles are capitalized, titles of books and journals are italicized, titles of smaller works (e.g., chapters or articles) are presented in Roman and enclosed in double quotation marks A footnote, or Chicago style citation, should always end with a period.
Notes should be separated from the main body of text with a typed line 1.You can also consult sections 14.24-14.60 of the CMOS for more detailed information on notes. Formatting a shortened note Whilst the first Chicago style citation for each source should include all relevant bibliographic information, if you cite the same source again you can use a shortened form of the note. Citing one source multiple times in the same paragraph. You can cite it either parenthetically in-text or in subsequent shortened notes Sections 14.29-14.36 of the CMOS contain more information on shortened notes. Formatting an endnote If you are drawing on multiple sources, a page cluttered with footnotes can overwhelm your reader. Whilst readers of scholarly works generally prefer footnotes for ease of reference, endnotes are less intrusive and will not interrupt the flow of your work. You should judge for yourself whether footnotes or endnotes would best compliment your assignment, and then the Cite This For Me Chicago style citation maker will generate them for you. Include a page number if you are quoting a particular section of a source Position the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence referring to the source, and place just inside a mark of punctuation - unless it is a block quotation, in which case it is placed outside the punctuation Where the author’s name appears in the text, you don’t need to repeat it in the Chicago style in-text citation When citing works with more than three authors, only the name of the first author is used, followed by et al. - e.g., (Schonen et al. 2009) Compile a list of all source material in a reference list at the end of your assignment Chapter 15 of the CMOS is devoted to the author-date reference system. Recent revisions to the format have allowed for a certain degree of flexibility.
For instance, you may prefer to use a combination of footnotes and parenthetical author-date citations (especially if you have an excess of notes) - you could use author-date citations to indicate sources within the text, and numbered footnotes or endnotes to add comments. Why not give the Cite This For Me web tool a try. Save yourself the bother of formatting each Chicago style citation and have the whole thing done using our state-of-the-art automated technology. Simply search for the author or title of the book you want to cite and leave the rest to us. Compiling a full list of all the source material that has contributed to your research and writing process is the perfect opportunity to show your reader the effort you have gone to in researching your chosen topic, ensuring that you get the grade you deserve. I. Notes-Bibliography System Have you been wondering how to organize all of your fully-formatted Chicago style citations in a comprehensive list.Author-Date System If you are adopting the author-date variant of Chicago style citations, read the above list for a guide on how to compile your reference list. CMOS sections 15.10-15.20 will also be able to give you more guidance on the nuances of the author-date reference list. The Cite This For Me Chicago citation generator is here to take a weight off your mind. Sign up to Cite This For Me to save and export your completed bibliography. Book with single author or editor: Full Chicago citation in a footnote: 5. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99-100. Shortened citation in a footnote: 5. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3. Bibliography entry: Pollan, Michael, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. Book with multiple authors: For a book with two authors, note that only the first-listed name is inverted in the bibliography entry. Shortened citation in a footnote: 3. Ward and Burns, War, 52.
New York: Knopf, 2007. Print journal article: Full Chicago citation in a footnote: 89. Walter Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-32. Shortened citation in a footnote: 89. Blair, “Americanized Comic Braggarts,” 335. Bibliography entry: Blair, Walter. “Americanized Comic Braggarts.” Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331-49. Online journal article: When citing electronic sources consulted online, the Chicago style citation manual recommends including an electronic resource identifier, where possible, to lead your reader directly to the source. A URL is a uniform resource locator, which directs the reader straight to the online source. When using a URL, simply copy the address from your browser’s address bar when viewing the article. You must include the source’s full publication information as well. Full Chicago style citation in a footnote: 12. Wilfried Karmaus and John F. Riebow, “Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls,” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 645, Shortened citation in a footnote: 12. Karmaus and Riebow, “Storage of Serum,” 645. Bibliography entry: Karmaus, Wilfried, and John F. Riebow. “Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls.” Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 643-647. DOI: A DOI is a digital object identifier; a unique and permanent name assigned to a piece of intellectual property, such as a journal article, in any medium in which it is published. If it is available, a DOI is preferable to an ISBN. Website: Footnote: 5. Kathy Ishizuka, “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders,” The Digital Shift, Library Journal, December 10, 2013, Shortened: 5. Ishizuka “Steal this Infographic.” Bibliography entry: Ishizuka, Kathy. “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders.” The Digital Shift, Library Journal. December 10, 2013.
II. Author-Date System: Each example in this section includes a Chicago style in-text citation and a corresponding reference list entry. However, in the in-text citation you need only cite the last name of the first-listed author, followed by et al. (e.g., Barnes et al. 2008, 118-19) Website: In the text: (Ishizuka 2013) Reference List: Ishizuka, Kathy. 2013. “Steal this Infographic: Librarians as Tech Leaders.” The Digital Shift, Library Journal. For more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of the Chicago style citation handbook (17th Edition), or find more information available here. A style sheet was devised with the aim of maintaining consistency throughout the typesetting process; from the typesetter, to the compositor, to the proofreader. Today’s thousand-page 17th edition Chicago style citation manual provides authors, editors, publishers, copywriters and proofreaders across the globe with the authoritative text on the style. The Chicago style is continually evolving, with each edition undergoing revisions that reflect technological developments. For instance, the publication of the 13th edition in 1982 addressed the use of personal computers and word processors for the first time. When the World Wide Web became a global phenomenon in the 1990s, the very nature of research and communication shifted dramatically. The style’s editorial staff tackled this development by releasing a comprehensive 15th edition (2003) that incorporated the role of computer technology in the publishing industry by providing guidance on citing electronic sources. The 16th edition of the Chicago citation manual (2010) was the first edition to be published both in hardcover and online. The manual reflects the changes undergone by the publishing industry in response to the digital age, and the subsequent evolution in the way in which authors and publishers work.
It addresses a diverse range of source types that define academic publishing today; from URLs and DOIs to ebooks, Instagram and foreign languages, and provides comprehensive examples that illustrate how to cite online and digital sources. The 16th edition also revamped the Chicago style citation system in order to move towards a more uniform style that closes the gap between the Notes-Bibliography and Author-Date systems. By recommending a single approach to each stylistic matter, rather than a myriad of confusing options and exceptions to the rule, the style offers efficient and logical solutions to the sometimes-complex citing process. The latest manual of Chicago citation style, released in 2017, is the 17th edition. It features many modifications, clarifications, and updates. One of the biggest updates is the inclusion of URL strings in references displaying a DOI number. In addition, numerous technology-related sources, such as social media platforms and apps, now have specific structures in place. Lastly, the use of the latin abbreviation, ibid., which translates to “in the same place,” was once placed in footnotes to mark a repetitive source. Now, writers are encouraged to use shortened footnotes for repetitive sources, rather than “ibid.” The use of ibid. can be confusing for readers. Presenting a shortened footnote, displaying the author’s name, title, and date, allows readers to clearly see and understand the origin of a source. Failure to acknowledge the sources upon which you’ve built your work is a breach of academic integrity, and this can result in a failed grade, expulsion from college or even legal action from the original author. The proper use of a referencing system, such as the Chicago format, protects writers from committing plagiarism and being accused of plagiarizing their work.
Both courtesy and copyright laws require you to identify the following in your work: Where you directly quote another author’s words Where you paraphrase or summarize another author’s words or ideas Where you include information, facts or ideas that are not generally known or easily checked As a general rule, you must highlight any borrowed source material that might appear to be your own if it is not cited correctly. When in doubt, remember that it is much better to over-cite your work than under-cite. It is important to bear in mind, however, that simply citing your sources does not keep your paper free from plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur if you use an exact quote but do not identify the exact quote as such with quotation marks even if you do cite it. Additionally, if you paraphrase a source but just change a few words here and there instead of making it your own, you could be committing plagiarism even with a citation. For more information on incorporating the work of others into your paper, the CMOS offers some helpful guidelines in sections 13.1-13.6. The importance of attributing your research goes beyond avoiding plagiarism, and whilst it may seem like a tedious process, attributing and documenting your sources is an essential practice for all academic writers. The use of accurate Chicago style citations help to validate your work by demonstrating that you have thoroughly researched your chosen subject and found a variety of scholarly opinions and ideas to support, or challenge, your thesis. As an academic writer, your written work is a chance to engage in conversation with the scholars that you are citing by placing your own ideas in the context of the larger intellectual conversation about your topic. In correctly using citations, you also lead your reader directly to the sources you have consulted, thereby enabling them to form their own views on your opinions and appreciate your contribution to the topic.
Here at Cite This For Me we know that citing can be an arduous and time-consuming process. Luckily for you, you can work more efficiently - and avoid being marked down for plagiarism - by using the Cite This For Me Chicago style citation generator. It is important to know what kinds of sources are appropriate for research papers and what types are not as you begin to write and cite the material you are building your research on. There are three kinds of sources that you will come across as you delve into your research topic: primary secondary reference (sometimes called tertiary) Each type of source has a different role to play in the research and writing process. When you first begin to write, you will often have a broad topic or research question in mind. This is the perfect time to use reference sources to begin to understand the basics surrounding your topic and the current research on it. Reference sources include those that summarize information about topics. You might read some pages on Wikipedia, check out an encyclopedia entry on your topic, look at a specialized dictionary entry (e.g., a literary or philosophical dictionary), or even read news articles that provide a concise overview of the topic at hand. These sources will help you to understand your topic broadly, but generally are not sources considered acceptable to cite in scholarly work. They are, however, excellent starting points and may point you to important and relevant scholarly literature you should read. Primary Sources An important part of research is finding and analyzing primary sources, or sources that provide original material about your given topic or question. What is considered to be a primary source will vary significantly depending on your field of research and the time period about which you are writing. For example, if you are writing about Renaissance literature, a text by Shakespeare might be one of your primary sources.
If you are studying Renaissance history, you might be looking at letters written during that time in an archive or published critical edition. If you are looking at modern current events, social media posts revealing reactions to these events or posting videos of the events might be your primary source. For social sciences, data collected through surveys might be your primary source. Primary sources provide the evidence for the argument you are going to make in your paper. These are sources you will engage frequently in your research as they help to show your readers that you are informed on the topic, know what the current field of research looks like, and that you have considered multiple viewpoints on the topic before taking your stance. Secondary sources include scholarly books, journal articles, published reports, and other similar types of material. Cite This For Me can help you handle citations for all of these types of sources. Feeling the pressure of imminent deadlines. Remove all the pain of citations with the Cite This For Me accurate citation generator. Cite This For Me is committed to educating academic writers across the globe in the art of accurate citing. We believe it is essential that you equip yourself with the knowledge of why you need to use a referencing system, how best to insert citations in the main body of your assignment, and how to accurately compile a bibliography. At first, referencing may seem like a waste of time when you would much rather be focusing on the actual content of your work, but after reading this extensive Chicago style citation guide we hope that you will see referencing as a valuable, lifelong skill that is worth honing. Our multi-platform tool is designed to fulfill all of your referencing needs - whether you’re working at home, in the library, or on-the-go. Sign up now to add and edit each Chicago citation on the spot, as well as import and export full projects or individual entries.
You can also make use of our browser extension Cite This For Me for Chrome - work smarter by citing web pages, articles, books and videos directly from your browser whilst you research online. Have you found a relevant book in the public library. Or stumbled across the perfect source to support your thesis in an archive. Wherever you are, cite your sources on the move with your with the Cite This For Me to add automatically formatted citations to your projects. Stand on the shoulders of giants by accurately citing your source material using the fast, accessible and free Chicago style citation maker from Cite This For Me. Sign up to Cite This For Me - the ultimate citation management tool. Published October 1, 2015. Updated June 5, 2020. If you're looking for the 17th Edition, click here Capitalize only the first letter of the first word or any proper nouns.Other popular systems include MLA format and APA, and Chicago is simply another style to add to the bunch. MLA is often used for language and literature studies, APA format is widely used by science writers, and Chicago is often the preferred choice for those working in history and other social sciences. Many other disciplines use Chicago as well. Chicago is a system used by professional researchers and scholars. Kate Turabian is an educator who created a spin-off style, specifically for students and others who are using the style for assignments, not to get professionally published. Turabian’s structure for references are the same as Chicago. The only difference between between the two is that Turabian’s manual focuses more on the design and structure of a research paper, rather than a formally published piece. They can either choose to format their references using the “Notes and Bibliography” system or the “Author-Date” system. It’s most often used by those working in history, literature, and art. It’s most often used by those working in social sciences and sciences.
A bibliography is also found at the very end of the paper. As readers read through a paper, they come across superscript numbers like this? They’re similar to footnotes in that they use superscript numbers like this?. Writers may choose to use footnotes OR endnotes in their paper. Look no further! BibMe.org has the tools you need to instantly develop your references. Take a trip to our homepage and create your references in just a few clicks! Web address. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted.Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names by a comma. Place the period within the quotation marks. Include the web address of the page at the end. Conclude the citation with a period. From popular to obscure ones, we bet we have what you’re looking for! DOI address. The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the journal. Titles and affiliations associated with the author should be omitted.Only the first author’s name should be reversed, while the others are written in normal order. Separate author names with a comma. Place the period within the quotation marks. Although Chicago citation style traditionally uses the headline style of capitalizing the first letter of each word in the title, sentence style is also acceptable. Be consistent in your bibliography in using either style. Omit any introductory articles (e.g., A, An, The) from the journal name. Journal names are usually given in full. You can abbreviate a journal name if you wish, except if it consists of one word. It is common to abbreviate journal names from scientific works (e.g., Comp Tech Evol ). If an issue number is available, include it after the volume number and before the year published. Precede the issue number with a comma and the text “no.” Afterwards, include a colon, the page numbers the article appears on, and a period.