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Do it three times and record them. If there is no zero error, record zero error nil. Tight the screw S attached to the vernier scale V. Record the main scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (1ST) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.). Record the observations in each set in a tabular form. Do it three times and record it. If there is no zero error, then record, zero error nil. Measurement of internal diameter Tight the screw attached to the vernier scale gently. Record the main scale reading just before the zero mark of the vernier scale. This reading (IV) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.). Measurement of depth This should be done in such a way that the tip of the strip is able to go freely inside the beaker along its depth. Take care that it is just perpendicular to the bottom surface. Now tighten the screw of the vernier callipers. How is it applied ? Answer. Negative of zero error is zero correction. It is algebraically added to the observed reading. The thin metallic strip attached to the back side of the main scale is used for measuring depth of a vessel. It is provided in sextants and spectrometers, which measure angular displacements. Science is a systematic attempt to understand natural phenomena in as much detail and depth as possible and use the knowledge so gained to predict, modify and control the phenomena. Science is exploring, experimenting and predicting from what we see around us. The science unravels the secrets of nature. Physics is a basic discipline of Natural Sciences. Its Sanskrit equivalent is Bhautiki which means the study of physical world. Physics is the study of the basic laws of nature and their manifestation in different natural phenomena. It deals with the study oinature and natural phenomena, involving matter and energy, and their interconversion. All quantities in terms of which laws of physics can be expressed and can be measured directly or indirectly accurately are called physical quantities.
It is done by comparing the physical quantity with a standard of same nature. Measurement required a reference standard which is arbitrarily chosen, internationally accepted is called unit. The result of a measurement of a physical quantity is expressed by a number accompanied by a unit. Measurement is an important part in the study of physics. Physics is an exact science. A laboratory is a place of worship, where this search is carried on. Hence to a scientist, his laboratory should be as sacred and pious as the place of worship to a devotee. In fact, laboratory is such a place of worship, where young scholars should equip themselves for something higher and nobler—a search for truth and unravelling the mystries of nature. The main aim of experimentation in science is to verify a given law which has already been derived from a theory. While doing an experiment with open eyes and attentive mind, new discoveries have been made during experimentation. Physics is an experimental science. A clear understanding of its principles can be made by demonstrating the experiments by one’s own hands. It involves the following steps in the order given below: (i) Aim. The phenomenon to be studied. (ii) Apparatus. To collect the equipment (instruments) required during the study. (iii) Experimentation. To measure the quantities involving in the phenomenon with the help of acquired instruments. (iv) Observation. To record the numerous data (measured quantities) in a tabular form. (v) Hypothesis. To analyse the data and find how that affects the phenomenon. Also to establish relationship between different quantities of a data, graphically or otherwise. (vi) Verification. It is done by applying the hypothesis to other similar phenomena. (vii) Predictions. To name new phenomena by changing the variables (quantities) involved in the study of main phenomena. (viii) New experiments. These are done to check the existence of predictions. (ix) Modifications.
With the passage of time more refined instruments become available. Their use needs modification of old methods and procedures of experimentation. The above cycle is repeated. Thus, experimentation is an unending process which is quite vital for the development of any kind of science. Physics is no exception. Doubts, if any, should be got removed from the teacher before starting the experiment actually. If you do not understand the principle, construction and the use of the measuring instruments you are to use, do not hesitate to consult your teacher. It is particularly important for electrical instruments, where a slight negligence on the part of the student may damage a costly apparatus. In the event of a loss or breakage, report the matter immediately to the person concerned (Lab Incharge). Do no wait to be detected. Place them at some convenient place in the laboratory. Do not disfigure the table with chalk, pencil, ink or finger-nail marks. Apparatus so spoiled should be wiped clean with a wet cloth, dried and smeared with vaseline. Do not disfigure the wooden parts of the apparatus. The apparatus should be arranged in an orderly manner. Make correct calculation for required result and then, record it in the lab manual. When recording an observation, do not forget to note down the units in which the measurement is made. Each quantity measured should be recorded in decimals and not in fractions. The result too should be given in proper units except when the quantity is pure ratio, e.g., specific heat, specific gravity, etc. At least one reading must be checked and verified by the teacher in charge while doing the experiments. An isolated reading is meaningless except in weighing, in taking temperatures or in measuring big lengths. The students should remember that the purpose of each experiment is to unmask the truth, hence nothing but truth should be recorded. No apparatus should be left on the table.
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(iii) The student should get an experiment assigned for the next turn. It has pages of useful formulae in the beginning and many cm graph pages at the end. A neat and systematic recording of the experiment in the practical file is very important for achieving complete success in the experimental investigations. A student may write the experiment under the following headings in his main practical notebook. There may be slight variations in suggestions from the teacher. In that case, teacher’s instructions must be followed. Different important parts must be well-labelled. Sometimes more than one diagram may be required to explain different stages of the experiment. A circuit diagram in an electricity experiment and a ray diagram for optical (light) experiment is must. Simplification is performed. Use log tables for multiplications and divisions and show steps of these calculations neatly in the notebook. (Do not treat log calculation as a rough work). The formula used must also be written clearly explaining the symbols involved. The derivation of formula is not necessary. 4. Procedure. The different steps taken for performing the experiment must be mentioned in short. The description must be in first person and past tense (e.g., I did this. I did that). 5. Observations. First, least count of the measuring instrument must be derived and written in detail. Single observations are recorded in one or two lines. Two or more observations must be recorded in tabular form. Observations taken in single step must have three sets with changed values. For drawing a graph, six set of observations must be taken. 6. Result. Express the result with proper unit and sign. 7. Precautions taken. Mention all those precautions which were actually taken on the instructions from the book or the teacher. Keep in mind the reasons for taking them. 8. Sources of error. These are related with the precautions to be taken.
In spite of observing the precautions the apparatus may be faulty and may not give correct result. The defects in the apparatus leading to errors must be mentioned. Remember that the aim of the experiment is to learn honestly different aspects of the problem and not to arrive at a correct result by hook or crook. This uncertainty is called error. Every calculated quantity which is based on the measured values, also has an error. The discrepancy between true value and measured value (observed) of a physical quantity can be termed error. The error in measurement can be classified as: (i) Systematic error, and (ii) Random error. (i) Systematic Error. A systematic error is one that always produces same sign (either positive or negative). This error is arised due to known factors. Systematic error can be subdivided into (a) Instrumental error. These errors arise due to imperfection design or calibration of the measuring instrument, e.g., zero error is the instrumental error. It has a constant magnitude which can be found by measuring a known quantity from it. Suitable corrections are applied to experimental values to eliminate this error. (b) Personal error. These arise due to an individual’s bias, lack of proper knowledge about the setting of apparatus, precautions or individual carelessness, e.g., parallex error. Different experimental list using the same apparatus, do not obtain exactly the same result. This error is personal error. It is because they may not be equally serious and attentive in their performances. One has to be alert to avoid it. (c) External cause error. This error is caused when external factors such as temperature and pressure change during experiment. The changes are to be noted and correction in formula should be applied. (d) Imperfection error. Sometimes errors arise due to imperfection in experimental technique or procedure, e.g.
, the temperature measured by a thermometer of a human body will be more accurate when thermometer is placed inside the mouth rather than under the armpit. (ii) Random Error. These errors occur irregularly without knowing the cause and hence are random with respect to sign and size. It can be called chance error, e.g., to determine the diameter of wire, a screw gauge is used. Due to non-uniform area of cross section of the wire at different places, the screw might have been tightened unevenly in the different observations. In such a case, it may not be possible to indicate which observation is most accurate. Then, an experimental list performing an experiment by taking many observations may not get identical t observations. It is a chance error. It is reduced by taking a large number of observations and then taking their mean. The least amount of the quantity, which can be correctly measured by the measuring instrument, is called the least count (L.C.) of the instrument. All the readings or measured values are good only up to this value. This error associated with the resolution of the instrument. The least count puts limit on the accuracy of the measuring instrument and hence some error creeps in. This error is called the permissible error of the instrument. This error occurs with both systematic and random errors. This error can be reduced by using instrument of higher precision (resolution), improving experimental technique, etc. The error will be less, if least count is less and relative error will be insignificant, if the measured quantity is very large. Therefore, the accuracy of measurement increases with the decrease in the least count of the measuring instrument. The accuracy of this result depends upon the least accurate observation involved in the experiment. Hence after making calculations, the result should be expressed in such a manner that the number of decimal places in the result is the same as in the least accurate observation.
The number of decimal places is reduced by rounding off the right most digit. Hence, the result should be expressed, according to the permissible significant figures. If it is more than 5 (say 6 to 9), it is considered as 10. Thus rounding off has reduced decimal place by one. The same is repeated till required number of decimal places have been left. The accuracy is known by the percentage error, which is obtained by dividing the actual error by actual value and multiplying by 100. The accuracy depends upon the least count of the measuring instrument, which becomes clear by the manner in which the result is written. If the length of an iron cylinder measured by a metre rod is 2.2 cm, it may be 2.17 cm when measured by a vernier callipers and further 2.176 cm when measured by a screw gauge. The results written have 2, 3 and 4 figures respectively. It clearly shows that measuring instruments have least count 0.1 cm, 0.01 cm and 0.001 cm, respectively. The figures (2, 3 and 4) in above example are called significant figures. In these figures, the right most figure (digit) is reasonably correct while others are absolutely correct. “The significant figures in a measured quantity indicate the number of digits in which we have confidence.” More are the significant figures in a measured value, more is the accuracy of the measured quantity and vice versa. Rules for Finding the Significant Figures 1. All the non-zero digits are significant. For example, 2857 contain four significant figures. 2. All the zeros between two non-zero digits are significant, no matter where the decimal point is placed,e.g., 280057, 2.80057 and 280.057 have six significant figures. 3. If the number is less than 1, the zero(s) on the right of decimal point, but to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant. For example, 0.002857. the underlined zeros are not significant.
The quantity that is made to alter at will, is called the independent variable and the other which varies as a result of this change, is called the dependent variable. Thus the relation between natural numbers (independent variable) and their squares (dependent variable) can be shown by means of a graph. The following are a few simple rules that will help a student a lot in plotting a good graph: (i) For drawing a graph, take at least six observations extending equally over a wide range. (ii) Take a properly ruled graph paper and draw two thick lines at right angle to each other at the bottom and the left-hand edge of the paper to indicate the axes of reference. Take the horizontal line as the abscissae or X-axis and the vertical line as the ordinate or Y-axis intersecting at a point O, called the origin. (iii) Represent the independent variable along X-axis from left to right and the dependent variable along Y-axis from below upwards. Write clearly under the X-axis and on the left of the Y-axis the quantity which is represented on each. (iv) Examine carefully the experimental data and note the range of variation of the two variables (Physical quantities) to be plotted. Examine the number of divisions available on the two axes drawn on the graph paper. Now, choose a suitable scales for the axes keeping in mind that resulting graph should cover almost the entire portion of graph paper as shown in Fig. 1.01. This gives a suitable curve (straight line). If both the variables have zero values to begin with or you are required to find the zero position of one of the variables, take zero as the origin on both the scales. In all other cases the ’ origin need not represent zero but it should represent a round number nearest to but less than the smallest value of the corresponding variable. Mark the ends of the thick lines only to indicate the values of the variable in round numbers.
Of course, it will be more complicated to take the actual least values of the two variables at the origin. (v) Plot the points for various pairs of corresponding values of the two variables and draw a small circle.My lord, I have undertaken this journey purposely to see your person, to know by what engine of wit or ingenuity you came first to think of this most excellent help in Mathematics, viz., the logarithms. —Briggs to Napier Definition and Notation. They are commonly used. When the base is not mentioned, it is implied that the base is 10. Tables of logarithms of natural numbers to the base 10 are given at the end of the book. How to find the Characteristic of a number ?’The characteristic depends on the magnitude of the number and is determined by the position of the decimal point. For number greater than one, the characteristic is positive and one less than the number of digits to the left of the decimal point. How to find the Mantissa of a number. The value of mantissa depends on the digits and their order and is independent of the position of the decimal point. As long as the digits and their order is the same the mantissa is the same, whatever be the position of the decimal point. The logarithm tables give the mantissa only. They are usually meant for numbers con-taining four digits, and if a number consists of more than four figures, it is rounded-off to four figures after determining the characteristic. To find mantissae, the tables are consulted in the following manner: (i) The first two significant figures of the number are found at the extreme left vertical column of the table wherein the number lying between 10 and 99 are given. The mantissae of the figures which are less than 10 can be determined by multiplying the figures by 10. (ii) Along the horizontal line in the topmost column the figures are given. These correspond to the third figure of the given number. Example 1. Find the logarithm of368.6.
The number has 3 figures to the left of the decimal point. Hence its characteristic is 2. To find the mantissa, ignore the decimal point and look for 36 in the first vertical column and 8 in the central topmost column. Proceed from 36 along a horizontal line towards the right and from 8 vertically downwards. The two lines meet at a point where the number 5658 is written. This is the mantissa of 368. You will find the figure 7 there. We can find the mantissa of only 4 significant figures. If we have the number 3686.58, the last figure is 8, therefore, we shall raise the next figure to 6 and since 6 is again more than 5 we shall raise the next figure to 7 and find the logarithm of 3687. Adding 7 to 4046, we get 4053.AC is the base and BC is the perpendicular. These Lab Manual may be freely downloadable and used as a reference book. Learning does not mean only gaining knowledge about facts and principles rather it is a path which is informed by scientific truths, verified experimentally. Keeping these facts in mind, CBSE lab manual for Class 11 have been planned, evaluated under subject Improvement Activities. Check our CBSE lab manual for Class 11. We are grateful to the teachers for their constant support provided in the preparation of this CBSE Lab Manual. CBSE has included the practicals in secondary class intending to make students familiarised with the basic tools and techniques used in the labs. With the help of this, they can successfully perform the experiments listed in the CBSE Lab Manual. Their basics will become solid as they will learn by doing things. By doing this activity they will also get generated their interest in the subject. Students will develop questioning skills and start studying from a scientific perspective. Here we have given all the necessary details that a Class 11 student should know about CBSE Lab Manual.
From CBSE Science practical to Lab manual, project work, important questions and CBSE lab kit manual, all the information is given in the elaborated form further in this page for Class 11 students. The matter is presented in the simple and lucid language under main-headings and sub-headings. The syllabus for the practical exam is designed by CBSE according to the CCE guidelines. Furthermore, the syllabus for the practical exam forms the precursor for concepts to be taught in professional courses such as medicine and dentistry. The Lab Manual’s experiments are given here to help students prepare for their practical exam in a better way. For instance, most experiments presented here have content explaining the basis of the experiment. Moreover, exact steps, processes, procedures, and precautions are explained, so that students can understand them easily. That’s why we are providing a Class 11 Lab Manual for practice purpose to obtain a great score in the final examination. You can download the CBSE Lab Manual for Class 11 in PDF Format for better preparation. Let us check the CBSE Class 11 Syllabus.Students are advised to check out the complete syllabus. The syllabus is for the academic year 2019-20 session and will remain the same until the next notification. Students have to check the complete Class 11 Lab Manual in pdf for the great score in the final examination. If you want a quick answer, take PCB if you want to study medicine after 12. Take PCM if you want to pursue engineering after 12. Take both (PCMB) if you are not sure what you want to study. If you like to do courses in basic sciences, then you can choose your preferred subjects accordingly. Q. Is math harder than biology? A. It depends on your aptitude and what you like. They are very different subjects are well, so it isn’t really a good idea to compare the two. It’s actually better not to compare to subjects, as they are different (which why they are differentiated as subjects in the first place).
A better comparison would usually be topics within the subject itself. But if you were to compare subjects, a better comparison would be between subjects like Biology and Biotechnology, Zoology and Botany, or Math and Physics. Q. What is EP subject in class 11th? A. EP stands for EP(Entrepreneurship). Our top expert will serve you with the best possible solution. Ask Here for Quick Answer, Note: Write question with complete details for better answers. Near Devi Mandir, Rest Camp Road, Devlali. Nashik, Maharashtra-422 401. Web site: www.kv1devlalilibrary.wordpress.com Notify me of new posts via email. Learn how your comment data is processed. To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here. Home Books Ncert Lab Manual Physics class 11th (English, Paperback, NCERT). Post your question Safe and Secure Payments. Easy returns. 100 Authentic products. Visit AoPS Online j Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses Beast Academy Engaging math books and online learning for students ages 8-13. Visit Beast Academy j Books for Ages 8-13 Beast Academy Online AoPS Academy Nationwide learning centers for students in grades 2-12. Visit AoPS Academy j Find a campus Sign In Online Learn More Enroll FAQ Books Learn More 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B 3C 3D 4A 4B 4C 4D 5A 5B 5C 5D All Books T-shirt FAQ For Schools Resources Planning Placement Tests Printables Virtual Backgrounds FAQ Ask Us. Play Want a live instructor for your Beast Academy student. Enroll in AoPS Academy A Complete Math Curriculum Recommended for Ages 8?13 A Complete Math Curriculum Recommended for Ages 8?13 Students learn problem-solving skills through rigorous math lessons taught by engaging, comic-book style characters.Reinforce and master concepts with hundreds of practice problems, puzzles, and games.It teaches kids how to think critically and understand the concepts behind the math calculations they’re performing.
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—the world’s hardest math competitions, then go on to succeed at the most prestigious colleges and universities. Now, Beast Academy brings AoPS's problem-solving approach to elementary math education, helping students leapfrog way ahead of most standard math curricula.It can also be used as a supplementary curriculum in a public, private, or homeschool. Want to enroll your student in an in-person Beast Academy class. All our AoPS Academy learning centers use Beast Academy in the classroom. We currently have AoPS Academies in the following cities: Virtual Campus Pleasanton, CA Santa Clara, CA San Diego, CA Boston, MA Gaithersburg, MD Morrisville, NC Princeton, NJ Frisco, TX Vienna, VA Bellevue, WA We expect to open additional learning centers in the future. About Us New! Beast Academy Puzzles 2 contains over 400 new puzzles inspired by our favorite puzzle types from the Beast Academy level 2 Practice books. Learn More.really good math textbooks that introduce their subjects in a clear and easy-to-follow fashion, carefully linking each concept to the last; and the exercises are lively, fun, and built around stories that dovetail smoothly into puzzles, games, and other ways of putting the knowledge into practice.Please try again later. It is just like a swimmer who has learned swimming only after entering into the water and not by a trainer or expert. Similarly, in physics, theory only predicts but the experiment decides.The salient features of the lab manual are: The teachers may design more projects related to the concepts taught at this level. Offer is also valid on Credit Card EMI transactions. Cancellation allowed. Report this product Enter pincode to see delivery timeline More CBSE 24x7 Help Need Help? Click Here. You can also talk to us on 0120 4606060 to resolve your query. Paytm Trust Your money is yours. All refunds come with no question asked guarantee. 100 Assurance At Paytm, we provide 100 assurance.
If you have any issue, your money is immediately refunded. Sit back and enjoy your shopping. Paytm Mall Promise Products with this tag are quality checked, and shipped the same day from certified warehouses. So you get the right product, faster. Cashback would be added as Paytm Cash, which is One97 Communications Ltd loyalty program. The Physics practical consists of various interesting experiments, which are also essential for their 12th standard practical exam. So, students must perform their Physics practical exams diligently to perform better in the final exam. The Physics Practical Class 11 is given here to help students prepare for their exam. It carries a total of 30 marks. Along with the projects and experiments, students must also prepare for the viva questions on the experiment which carries 5 marks. Students should practice graphs and diagrams as they are essential parts of the exam. Hence find the effective length of a second’s pendulum using appropriate graph. The resource you are looking for (or one of its dependencies) could have been removed, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable. Please review the following URL and make sure that it is spelled correctly.