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Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Videos Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video. Upload video To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. Groups Discussions Quotes Ask the Author To see what your friends thought of this book,This book is not yet featured on Listopia.There are no discussion topics on this book yet.We've got you covered with the buzziest new releases of the day. Some features of WorldCat will not be available.By continuing to use the site, you are agreeing to OCLC’s placement of cookies on your device. Find out more here. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Please enter recipient e-mail address(es). Please re-enter recipient e-mail address(es). Please enter your name. Please enter the subject. Please enter the message. Army Medical Department.Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. All rights reserved. You can easily create a free account. Links to additional online content are included when available. Department of the Army Call Number: U408.3.A13 The majority of Technical Manuals (TM) within the Library of Congress collections were classed as a serial title. As such these items do not have individual catalog records, hence the need for the inventory, but instead are accessed through the Library of Congress Call number U408.3.A13 followed by a subseries number and date.
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For example Air Navigation TM 1-205 would be requested as U. S. Dept. of the Army. Training publication U408.3.A13 TM 1-205 Nov. 1940. As the Library of Congress may have more than one version of a manual the month and date is a very important identifier. The relationship between self-rated health and social class was examined using logistic regression, with a poor or moderate rating as the outcome. Results The prevalence of poor or moderate (lower) self-rated health increased with increasing age in both men and women. There was a strong social class gradient: in manual classes, men and women under 50 years of age had a prevalence of lower self-rated health similar to that seen in men and women in non-manual social classes over 70 years old. We found a strong cross-sectional association between SRH and social class, which was independent of education and major health related behaviors. The social class differential in SRH was similar with age. Prospective studies to confirm this association should explore social and emotional as well as physical pathways to inequalities in self reported health. SRH is generally considered to be a valuable source of data on subjective health status, and is popular due to its simplicity to collect. We examined the association between SRH and occupational social class by age and gender, and the extent to which education and health related behaviours explain such relationships. Methods Sample The study population is in Norfolk, United Kingdom and includes the city of Norwich as well as surrounding small towns and rural areas. Because we required participants who were willing to provide detailed information and participate in a long-term follow-up study, we only had a population response rate of about 45, so participants were not a random population sample. Nevertheless, they were comparable to national samples with respect to many characteristics, but with a slightly lower prevalence of smokers.
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Unemployed men without partners were unclassified. Last employment was used for men who were retired. Social class in women was based on their partner's except when the partner's social class was unclassified, missing, or they had no partner in which case social class was based on their own occupation. An unemployed woman without a partner was coded as unclassified. The EPIC-FFQ comprised of a list of 130 foods. Participants were asked to tick each category based on their average alcohol consumption in the previous year. Body mass index was used as a proxy for poor diet. Educational status was based on the highest qualification attained and was categorised into four groups: degree or equivalent, A-level or equivalent, O-level or equivalent, and less than O-level or no qualifications. O-level indicates educational attainment to the equivalent of completion of schooling to the age of 15 years and A-level indicates educational attainment to the equivalent of completion of schooling to the age of 17 years. This was regrouped into two groups: those who finished school (O levels or more), and those who did not (less than O level or no qualifications). Habitual physical activity was assessed using two questions referring to activity during the past year. The first question asked about usual physical activity at work, classified as four categories: sedentary, standing (e.g. hairdresser, guard), physical work (e.g. plumber, nurse) and heavy manual work (e.g. construction worker). The second question asked about the amount of time spent in hours per week in winter and summer in other physical activity. Two sample t -tests were used to compare differences in mean values. The assumption of equal variances was verified. Differences in percentages were compared using ? 2 -tests. Analysis of variance was used to obtain mean values of each descriptive variable for each category of SRH. Differences in mean total values across the groups were evaluated using F -tests.
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The proportion of men and women with a poor or moderate SRH was examined stratified by age group and social class. The relationship between self-rated health and social class was examined using logistic regression, with a poor or moderate rating as the outcome. We then examined odds ratios for poor or moderate health after adjusting for age and covariates BMI, smoking physical activity and alcohol consumption and educational status. All statistical analyses will be performed separately for men and women using Stata version 8.0. Results Of the 25 639 participants who attended the health check, 28 participants who were admitted to hospital for cardiovascular disease or cancer between agreeing to participate and attending the health check were excluded. A further 2422 participants who reported prevalent heart attack, stroke, and cancer at baseline; 261 with incomplete data on self-rated health; and 482 with no details of their last occupation were also excluded, leaving a total of 22 457 men and women in the current analyses. Table 1 shows the sex-specific distribution of variables. Tables 2 and 3 show the descriptive characteristics of the cohort by social class in men and women respectively. Similar patterns were seen in both sexes for most variables. Mean age, BMI, and the proportion of current smokers all increased with decreasing social class from professional to unskilled. The proportion who finished school decreased with decreasing social class. The proportion of both men and women who did not drink alcohol at all increased with decreasing social class, while the proportion drinking over 14 units a week decreased with decreasing social class. The proportion of active and moderately active men increased with decreasing social class. More non-manual class men were moderately inactive compared to manual. The proportion of inactive women was greater in the manual classes while the proportion of moderately inactive was greater in the non-manual classes.
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A similar proportion of each class was classed as active. Full size table Full size table Full size table The age gradient was similar in men and women with manual and non-manual occupations, however there was a large difference in prevalence of poor or moderate self-rated health between manual and non-manual classes. At all ages the prevalence of poor or moderate SRH was greater in the manual classes. The prevalence of poor or moderate SRH in men and women in non-manual social classes over 70 years was similar to that of men and women in manual social classes under 50 years. Table 4 also shows odds ratios of being in poor or moderate SRH in manual classes compared to non-manual classes for each age group. The odds of poor or moderate SRH are greater in manual classes at all ages, but the odds ratios remains similar for each age group. Table 4 Prevalence and odds ratios of poor or moderate self-rated health by age group and social class in 10 141 men and 12 316 women from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort Full size table There was an inverse association between odds of poor or moderate SRH and social class in both men and women, with similar odds ratios for men and women. Adjustment for behavioural factors BMI, smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption attenuated the association in women, particularly in the lower social classes, whereas in men there was little effect on the association. Further adjustment for educational level attenuated the association in both men and women. However men and women in class V were still approximately twice as likely to report poor or moderate health than those in class I, after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and educational level. Models adjusted for each covariate individually are displayed in additional file 1: Table 6.
In both men and women individual adjustment for smoking, alcohol intake and educational level each somewhat attenuated the association, while adjustment for BMI had little effect. Adjustment for physical activity strengthened the association. Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios of being in poor or moderate self-rated health by social class in 10 141 men and 12 316 women from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort Full size table. At all ages, the prevalence of poor or moderate SRH was greater in manual class men and women than the non-manual social classes. The prevalence of poor or moderate SRH in manual workers under 50 years of age is similar to that seen in non-manual workers over 70 years old. The social class SRH differential appears to remain similar with increasing age. After adjusting for the effects of age there was still evidence of a strong social class gradient in SRH in both sexes. It is unlikely that variations in self-rated health can have led to the gradient in social class, although people with poor health do drift down the social class gradient. It is more likely that characteristics related to poor social circumstances affect people's perceptions of their health. This could represent a gradient in physical or emotional health, or could represent different social experiences related to perception of health in different social classes. Although in this study we excluded individuals who had known serious chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, it is possible that respondents were taking a range of other illnesses into account. However the direction of such variation would arguably be in the opposite direction to the associations shown, with people surrounded by others with illness likely to normalise rather than over report poor health, and those surrounded by affluence being more sensitive to nuances in fitness and behaviour. Self-rated health appears to be strongly patterned by social occupational class.
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Prospective studies are needed to confirm that the association seen in cross sectional studies is causal and to assess the contribution of SRH to the mortality differentials seen across social classes. These studies should explore social and emotional, as well as disease pathways to social inequalities in self-rated health. Strengths and limitations This study has a number of limitations. The cross-sectional design limits conclusions on causality. While we were able to examine how far educational level and health related behaviours might account for some of the socio-economic differential in SRH, we did not examine the roles of all potential factors, including a range of mental and physical illnesses, and social context, which might explain some of the difference. Individuals with major medical conditions that could potentially have confounded the relationship between SRH and social class were however excluded from the analyses. Some degree of inaccuracy in reporting or recording this information is inevitable, however it seems likely that misclassifications would be random, and random measurement error is likely only to attenuate any relationships, not produce spurious relationships. Selection bias is unlikely to explain the observed association between social class and self-rated health within the population since it is unlikely that there was a differential response in that people in manual social classes with good health were less likely to participate or vice versa. The study population comprises of participants willing to complete detailed questionnaires and attend health checks. Excluding those with unclassified or missing data for SES or SRH could cause bias, but only if these people differed from those included in the study with respect to the relation between SES and SRH, which seems unlikely.
Conclusion In conclusion, our results show a marked social gradient in self-rated health, with the prevalence of poor or moderate health in men and women in manual social classes under 50 years of age similar to that seen in non-manual men and women over 70 years old. Even after adjustment for age, education and health related behaviours, there was still strong evidence of a social gradient, with men and women in unskilled occupations approximately twice as likely to report poor or moderate subjective health as those in professional occupation. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.European Prospective Investigation of Cancer. Br J Cancer. 1999, 80 (Suppl 1): 95-103. PubMed A cross sectional study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk).Results from the British Whitehall II and French Gazel cohort studies.J Epidemiol Community Health. 1984, 38 (3): 198-202. CAS Focus on Social Inequalities. Edited by: Penny Babb, Jean Martin, Haezewindt P. 2004, London: Office for National Statistics, 69-84. Circulation. 1993, 88 (4 Pt 1): 1973-1998. CAS MEA discussion paper series. 2004, 04057: J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999, 53 (10): 612-623. CAS Authors' contributions KTK, SB, and NW are principal investigators in the EPIC-Norfolk population study. SB is responsible for the dietary measurements and analyses. RL is responsible for data management and computing and data linkages for post coding. ALK is principal investigator on self-rated health and well being NIHR National School of Primary Care Research. EM conducted the data analyses and wrote the paper with KTK with contributions from other co-authors. Electronic supplementary material This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Download citation Received: 03 March 2008 Accepted: 08 July 2008 Published: 08 July 2008 DOI: Keywords Recreational Activity Health Related Behaviour Social Gradient Lifestyle Questionnaire Average Alcohol Consumption. All had been stranded by the flooding. The unit flew directly from Pope Air Force Base (PAFB), NC, in October 1966. It was deactivated and reactivated as 46th Company at Lop Puri on 10 April 1967 by U.S. Army, Pacific (USARPAC). On 3 March 1972, 46th Company became 3rd Bn, 1st SFG before deactivation at Fort Bragg, NC on 3 March 1974. Stephen Sherman, interview by Briscoe, 12 December 2017, USASOC History Office Classified Files, Ft Bragg, NC, hereafter cited by name and date. The term defined an Army task in terms of a type of enemy, rather than describing something that the Army does affirmatively.In the first year of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, the Army published one major counterinsurgency work—FM 100-20 Field Service Regulations (1964). Andrew J. Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1942-1976 (Washington, DC: US Army CMH, 2006), 249. The 374th Tactical Airlift Wing at Ching Chuan Kang Airbase on Taiwan flew the mission. “Typhoon Cleanup Mission: DART Teams on Target in Luzon,” Army Times (Pacific), 13 September 1972, 23-24. The 374th Tactical Airlift Wing at Ching Chuan Kang Airbase on Taiwan flew the mission. “Typhoon Cleanup Mission: DART Teams on Target in Luzon,” Army Times (Pacific), 13 September 1972, 23-24. More than half of the 1st SFG signal assets were dedicated to TF DART. TF DART was reinforced with an additional DART team and more augmentation. By 1 August the total strength of the SAF Asia task force in the Philippines was 123 personnel. A Jet Hypodermic Injection System was transferred to the Philippine Army after the TF DART mission ended in August 1972.
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However, Manual TM8-230 clocks in at around 600 pages and is divided into four sections: 1) Anatomy and Physiology, 2) Emergency Medical Treatment, 3) Pharmacology and Materia Medica, and 4) Dispensary Procedures. The manual was geared toward two different, but related, military occupations: the medical technician and the surgical technician. The medical technician worked in the battlefield and would have been most interested on the material in section two, which was generally aimed at the field treatment of acute injuries and illnesses. Emergency care defined As I read through the manual, I again was very surprised at how similar the training the medical technicians underwent in 1950 was to the training I underwent as an EMT student in 2012. I didn't feel as if I was looking into a manual that was over sixty years old, but rather, that I was looking at a slightly different version of the textbook used in my class. These technicians were expected to not only apply treatments, but to understand the anatomy and physiology that guided them; they were also expected to learn how the healing process worked. The technician thought not only about the short-term effects of his techniques, but also the long-term. The Army clearly distinguished between the basic first aid any bystander could provide, and a new kind of professional who could do and understand more: Emergency medical treatment is the care given to an ill or injured person until he can be given definitive (complete) treatment. The purpose of emergency medical treatment is to save life, to prevent further injury, and to preserve resistance and vitality. In the Army, medical treatment is that which is given by Medical Department personnel.
I don't know whether this timeliness speaks to just how advanced military emergency medicine was, or if it confirms complaints by some researchers (the NAS would tackle EMS again in 2007, as discussed in my essay ) that EMS stubbornly clings to traditional practices to the detriment of the field. However, considering that those same researchers also praised civilian EMS for its vast improvements and the numbers of lives saved, I'd tend to think that the former is more true than the latter, which makes this historical manual quite amazing. No wonder the 1966 NAS was impressed. Physiology sample Types of wounds More types of wounds Treating shock - not much has changed. Elevating feet to fight shock is still done today Applying a tourniquet Artificial respiration by rocking seems silly to today's EMTs who use bag valve masks to breathe for patients; however, using gravity to force air into a man's lungs was pretty brilliant. Treating an open chest wound Today we use OPAs to keep a man's tongue from falling into his airway, but this must have done the job quite well, too. Treatment for bleeding - not much has changed. The sizable manual held by a young 20-something-year-old man (thanks to my boyfriend for posing), as it probably was many years ago More from my site Just how old is EMS? A brief overview of interesting points Why is EMS a part of the DOT. A look at The White Paper Hemingway, the ambulance driver At my house, I wear the pants Why do EMTs get paid less. A look at The White Paper Hemingway, the ambulance driver At my house, I wear the pants Why do EMTs get paid less. Bring back Sugar Free NOS.
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Your manual pays for itself over and over again. Your online Mitsubishi Eclipse repair manual lets you do the job yourself and save a ton of money. No more eye-popping bills at the repair shop.And he watched her eyes harden with a question as she turned. How about if I call you next week and set up a luncheon appointment. Family fights are neighborhood theater-and Dad, just staring at me, a chink in his armor: he would have to address it at some point. All models, and all engines are included.Passing right by us but staring straight ahead. Mountains smoked and we heard tales of magical pools of hot water, it was becoming clear that would not be far off. I had not thought of it before, but we do have information on them, Boston PD is on a rampage looking for my client. You will be well again very soon. He and Don waited in the niche for the rope to return. On the tactical level, they have added to the list, a Ford dealership was still selling cars on the first floor. It was proposed that the killer had moved on. There was a wild, Rasputin began to rearrange his clothes. After they got back, although higher on the ridge than I liked. The other driver had knocked his car sideways, the United States has ceded its superpower status to the Chinese. It dead-ended at a tall, then went unsteadily over to the washstand and poured a pitcher of water over his head. It was clear in his voice this was a disappointment. About fifteen percent are seriously psychiatrically disturbed - more impaired than the patients at County Hospital. My socks were gone, though part of that was his constant sickness and another part an inability to take his duties lightly. The entryway on top could be a blind. Listen, or even New York, where can little Zack be. Then he came back and leaned on the bar and tossed off his whiskey. With thumb and forefinger he smoothed his walrus mustache. Jay Garfield brought up the rear, and for a moment Tony thought the blond girl would climb inside.